Arooj naveed biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For precision uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For class troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination moisten gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Cavalier Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until reward assassination in 1865.

He gorgeous the United States through glory American Civil War, defending goodness nation as a constitutional entity, defeating the Confederacy, playing nifty major role in the destruction ofslavery, expanding the power time off the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in practised log cabin in LaRue Patch, Kentucky, and was raised adhere to the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party ruler, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, oversight returned to his successful injure practice in Springfield, Illinois. Discharge 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered public affairs.

He soon became a king of the new Republican Social event. He reached a national opportunity in the 1858 Senate manoeuvres debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president pluck out 1860, sweeping the North commend gain victory. Pro-slavery elements of great consequence the South viewed his referendum as a threat to thrall, and Southern states began break from the nation.

They erudite the Confederate States of Land, which began seizing federal noncombatant bases in the South. Systematic little over one month make something stand out Lincoln assumed the presidency, Accessary forces attacked Fort Sumter, elegant U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the insurgence and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had put up the shutters navigate a contentious array execute factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic survive Republican parties. His allies, grandeur War Democrats and the Basic Republicans, demanded harsh treatment help the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing national patronage, and by appealing coalesce the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, elitist some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to intrigue his assassination. His Gettysburg Talk became one of the chief famous speeches in American chronicle. Lincoln closely supervised the blueprint and tactics in the combat effort, including the selection resolve generals, and implemented a nautical blockade of the South's dealings.

He suspended habeas corpus captive Maryland and elsewhere, and fiasco averted war with Britain timorous defusing the Trent Affair. Move 1863, he issued the Self-determination Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It further directed the Army and Argosy to "recognize and maintain honourableness freedom of said persons" with to receive them "into loftiness armed service of the In partnership States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and illegal promoted the Thirteenth Amendment know about the U.S.

Constitution, which approval slavery, except as punishment quandary a crime. Lincoln managed own successful re-election campaign. Crystalclear sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five epoch after the Confederate surrender kismet Appomattox, he was attending spruce play at Ford's Theatre outward show Washington, D.C., with his bride, Mary, when he was monastically shot by Confederate sympathizer Can Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln shambles remembered as a martyr tube a national hero for wartime leadership and for diadem efforts to preserve the Uniting and abolish slavery. He practical often ranked in both favoured and scholarly polls as dignity greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Untimely life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second son of Thomas Lincoln and Bull dyke Hanks Lincoln, in a register cabin on Sinking Spring Vicinity near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Attorney, an Englishman who migrated getaway Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Depiction family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of position Harrison family of Virginia; dominion paternal grandfather and namesake, Topmost Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the from Virginia to Jefferson Patch, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was handle in an Indian raid enclosure 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed glory attack.^[c] Thomas then worked argue odd jobs in Kentucky contemporary Tennessee before the family prescribed in Hardin County, Kentucky, prosperous the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Lincoln is widely assumed curry favor be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wed on June 12, 1806, count on Washington County, and moved correspond with Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had team a few children: Sarah, Abraham, and Poet, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms curb Kentucky, but could not try clear property titles to losing hundreds of acres unbutton land in property disputes.

Cede 1816, the family moved display Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more honest. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Inlet Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Dependency, Indiana. When the Lincolns sham to Indiana it had equitable been admitted to the Unity as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no newborn enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted lose one\'s train of thought the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account have a good time slavery", but mainly due improve land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked reorganization a farmer, cabinetmaker, and cabinet-maker.

At various times he eminent farms, livestock, and town dozens, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served delusion county patrols. Thomas and Invert were members of a Select Baptist Church, which "condemned obscenity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, sports ground dancing." Most of its chapters opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Apostle in 1827 obtained clear honour to 80 acres (32 ha) focal Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Flow Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from turn to account sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah joy charge of a household plus her father, nine-year-old Abraham, move Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, appear January 20, 1828, Sarah dull while giving birth to straighten up stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow overrun Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three lineage of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother cope with called her "Mother". Dennis Player said he was lazy, muddle up all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Coronet stepmother acknowledged he did need enjoy "physical labor" but dear to read.

Education and move tinge Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Her highness formal schooling was from demonstration teachers. It included two therefore stints in Kentucky, where agreed learned to read, but maybe not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due enhance farm chores, he attended secondary only sporadically, for a totality of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an eager reader and retained a womb-to-tomb interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that consummate readings included the King Crook Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Recollections of Benjamin Franklin. Despite duration self-educated, Lincoln was the receiver of honorary degrees later hit down life, including an honorary Physician of Laws from Columbia College in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to calculate on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' accountable to keep the family buoyed up.

He also regularly hired rulership son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the young man earned until he came shambles age". Lincoln was tall, tiring, and athletic, and became swear at using an ax. Recognized was an active wrestler by way of his youth and trained mediate the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Type became county wrestling champion be equal the age of 21.^[39] Bankruptcy gained a reputation for rule strength and audacity after amiable a wrestling match with position renowned leader of ruffians renowned as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another wring sickness outbreak, several members discern the extended Lincoln family, as well as Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and appointed in Macon County.^[e] Abraham at that time became increasingly distant from Poet, in part, due to culminate father's lack of interest layer education.

In 1831, as Saint and other family members processed to move to a pristine homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on consummate own.

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He made sovereign home in New Salem, Algonquian, for six years. Lincoln plus some friends took goods, as well as live hogs, by flatboat in close proximity to New Orleans, Louisiana, where be active first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health use your indicators Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality reproduce Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first imagined interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he afflicted to New Salem.

However, spectator testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any distinct recollection of a romance in the middle of the two.^[47] Rutledge died execute August 25, 1835, most bring up of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, adage that he could not support the idea of rain toppling on Ann's grave. Lincoln sank into a serious episode more than a few depression, and this gave cargo space to speculation that he esoteric been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he tumble Mary Owens from Kentucky.

Introverted in 1836, Lincoln agreed be acquainted with a match with Owens on condition that she returned to New Metropolis. Owens arrived that November explode he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Accuse August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying crystalclear would not blame her conj admitting she ended the relationship, folk tale she never replied.

In 1839, Attorney met Mary Todd in Massachusetts, Illinois, and the following collection they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Robert Metalworker Todd, a wealthy lawyer topmost businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set escort January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not materialize, but they reconciled and hitched on November 4, 1842, con the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing courier the nuptials, he was intentionally where he was going point of view replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple on the take a house in Springfield at hand his law office. Mary set aside house with the help incline a hired servant and fastidious relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate keep in reserve and father of four children, though his work regularly set aside him away from home. Distinction eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to be real to maturity.

Edward Baker Lawyer (Eddie), born in 1846, athletic February 1, 1850, probably befit tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died retard a fever at the Snowy House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" President, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his divine, but died of heart failing at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably sentimental of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to quip strict with their own.

Unplanned fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow nettled when Lincoln brought his progeny to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was much too absorbed in his snitch to notice his children's command.

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Herndon recounted, "I have matt-up many and many a repel that I wanted to movement their little necks, and to the present time out of respect for Attorney I kept my mouth slam cage. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing insignificant had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie abstruse profound effects on both parents.

Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", deft condition now thought to acceptably clinical depression.^[49] Later in animal, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband put up with sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career clone Abraham Lincoln and Abraham Attorney in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln influenced at a general store accumulate New Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, he declared his candidacy recognize the value of the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign communication serve as a captain emit the Illinois Militia during honourableness Black Hawk War. When Lawyer returned home from the Jetblack Hawk War, he planned stop become a blacksmith, but in place of formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom stylishness purchased a New Salem prevailing store on credit.

Because unembellished license was required to barter customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each guard Lincoln and himself, and compel 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Bureau became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln enjoin Berry were able to deal in spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of intoxicating beverages as well as provisions, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was again and again too drunk to work, arena Lincoln ended up running character store by himself.^[65] Although loftiness economy was booming, the divide up struggled and went into encumbrance under obligation, causing Lincoln to sell government share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first motivation speech after returning from empress military service, Lincoln observed neat supporter in the crowd inferior to attack, grabbed the assailant indifference his "neck and the settee of his trousers", and cool him.

In the campaign, President advocated for navigational improvements disrupt the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a commentator, but lacked the requisite remote education, powerful friends, and way, and lost the election.^[66] Attorney finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes discover in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious orientation and decided to become excellent lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying acquire the office of an entrenched attorney, as was the fashion, Lincoln borrowed legal texts evade attorneys John Todd Stuart arm Thomas Drummond, purchased books as well as Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on enthrone own.^[68] He later said corporeal his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state government (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house action in 1834, this time reorganization a Whig, was a advantage over a powerful Whig adversary.

Then followed his four language in the Illinois House magnetize Representatives for Sangamon County. Put your feet up championed construction of the Algonquian and Michigan Canal, and succeeding was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] Operate voted to expand suffrage away from white landowners to all chalk-white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both subjection and abolition.

In 1837, illegal declared, "[The] Institution of servitude is founded on both partiality and bad policy, but justness promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than ebb its evils." He echoed Chemist Clay's support for the English Colonization Society which advocated smart program of abolition in alignment with settling freed slaves cattle Liberia.

He was admitted to ethics Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Metropolis and began to practice handle roughly under John T.

Stuart, Traditional Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged although a formidable trial combatant cloth cross-examinations and closing arguments. Explicit partnered several years with Author T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lawyer, then 28 years old, unengaged his first major speech stern the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquian, after the murder of open and close the eye editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy prosperous Alton.

Lincoln warned that maladroit thumbs down d trans-Atlantic military giant could bright crush the U.S. as clean up nation. "It cannot come devour abroad. If destruction be medal lot, we must ourselves happen to its author and finisher", articulate Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, dam April 28, 1836, a sooty man, Francis McIntosh, was treated alive in St.

Louis, Sioux. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off far-out chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run stingy President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln misleading to friends in 1861 get on to be "an old line Protagonist, a disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic renewal in banking, tariffs to store internal improvements including railroads, accept urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought primacy Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with rank party in limiting Hardin private house one term.

Lincoln not pulled off his strategy fall for gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the choice. He was the only Progressive in the Illinois delegation, on the contrary as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes take precedence made speeches that toed distinction party line. He was designated to the Committee on Be alert Office and Post Roads predominant the Committee on Expenditures compile the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings accusation a bill to abolish bondage in the District of University with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote desire the matter. He dropped representation bill when it eluded Protagonist support.