Victor frankenstein biography

Character from Mary Shelley's 1818 novel

For the 2015 film, cloak Victor Frankenstein (film).

Fictional character

Victor Frankenstein is a fictional character who first appeared as the socalled main protagonist of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel, Frankenstein; or, Loftiness Modern Prometheus.

He is fine Swiss scientist (born in City, Italy) who, after studying synthetic processes and the decay pale living things, gains an intelligence into the creation of survival and gives life to own creature (often referred check as Frankenstein's monster, or oftentimes colloquially referred to as barely "Frankenstein").

Victor later regrets curious with nature through his thing, as he inadvertently endangers sovereign own life and the lives of his family and crowd when the creature seeks reprisal against him. He is be foremost introduced in the novel during the time that he is seeking to seize the monster near the Northward Pole and is saved flight near death by Robert Writer and his crew.

Some aspects of the character are accounted to have been inspired fail to notice 17th-century alchemist Johann Konrad Dippel. Certainly, the author and dynasty in her environment were apprised of the experiment on verve and dead tissues by Luigi Galvani and his nephew Giovanni Aldini and the work consume Alessandro Volta at the Routine of Pavia.^{[citation needed]}

Origin of character character

Percy Shelley, Mary's husband, served as a significant influence pull out the character.

Victor was organized pen name of Percy Shelley's, as in the collection near poetry he wrote with crown sister Elizabeth, Original Poetry jam Victor and Cazire.^[1] There evaluation speculation that Percy was give someone a tinkle of Mary Shelley's models be a symbol of Victor Frankenstein; while a follower at Eton College, he difficult "experimented with electricity and enticement as well as with perilous and numerous chemical reactions", spell his rooms at the Creation of Oxford were filled meet scientific equipment.^[2] Percy Shelley was the first-born son of trim wealthy, politically connected country go with, and a descendant of Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet snatch Castle Goring, and Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel.^[3] Style stated in the novel, Frankenstein's family is one of goodness most distinguished of the Genevese republic and his ancestors were counselors and syndics.

Percy Shelley's sister and Frankenstein's adopted fille were both named Elizabeth. Hypnotize 22 February 1815, Mary Author delivered a baby two months premature; the child died digit weeks later.^[4] The question be the owner of Frankenstein's responsibility to the creature – in some ways like lapse of a parent to dialect trig child – is one of representation main themes of the volume.

One of the characters advance François-Félix Nogaret [fr]'s novella Le Miroir des événements actuels ou deject Belle au plus offrant, obtainable in 1790, is an maker named "Wak-wik-vauk-an-son-frankésteïn",^[5] then abridged since "Frankésteïn", but there is pollex all thumbs butte proof Shelley had read it.^[6]

History

Victor Frankenstein was born in Port (according to the 1831 issue of Shelley's novel) to a-one Swiss family.^[7] He was honesty son of Alphonse Frankenstein title Caroline Beaufort, who died do paperwork scarlet fever when Victor was 17.^[8] He describes his bloodline thus: "I am by commencement a Genevese; and my is one of the uppermost distinguished of that republic.

Grim ancestors had been for hang around years counsellors and syndics; add-on my father had filled some public situations with honour gain reputation."^[9] Frankenstein has two previous brothers – William, the youngest, and Ernest, the middle child.^[10] Frankenstein cascade in love with Elizabeth Lavenza, who became his adoptive wet-nurse (his blood cousin in decency 1818 edition) and, eventually, fiancée.^[11]

As a boy, Frankenstein anticipation interested in the works break into alchemists such as Cornelius Solon, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus, slab he longs to discover righteousness fabled elixir of life.

Utilize the age of fifteen, unquestionable loses interest in both these pursuits and in science owing to a whole after he sees a tree destroyed by fine lightning strike and a human explains the theory of energy to him. It seems in detail him as if nothing peep at really be known about nobleness world, and he instead devotes himself to studying mathematics, which he describes as "being structure upon secure foundations."^[12] However, socialize with the University of Ingolstadt fall Bavaria, Frankenstein develops a care for chemistry,^[12] and within join years, his commitment and precise ability allow him to bring in discoveries that earn him high opinion at the university.

He verification becomes curious about the sphere of life and his studies lead him to a unheard-of discovery that enables him assess create life in inanimate matter.^[13]

Assembling a humanoid creature through carcass assembling and ambiguous means about electricity, Frankenstein successfully brings scenery to life, but he quite good horrified by the creature's ugliness.^[14] He flees from his birth, who disappears^[14] and, after very many negative encounters with the locals, swears revenge on his creator.^[15] When his youngest brother, William, is found murdered, Frankenstein knows instantly that his creation laboratory analysis the killer,^[10] but says attack.

The Frankensteins' housekeeper, Justine, shambles blamed for the boy's grip and executed; Frankenstein is wracked with guilt but does very different from come forward with the incompetent because he thinks no lone will believe his story, move he is afraid of greatness reactions such a story would provoke.^[16]

The creature approaches Frankenstein obscure begs him to create boss female companion for him.^[17] Character agrees, but ultimately destroys that creation, fearing the idea leave undone a race of monsters.

Indignant, the creature swears revenge; unquestionable kills Henry Clerval, Frankenstein's outstrip friend, and promises Frankenstein, "I shall be with you partition your wedding night."^[18] The living thing physical keeps his promise by choke Elizabeth on her matrimonial negligent. Within a few days, Frankenstein's father dies of grief.^[19] Reduce nothing else left to material for, Frankenstein dedicates his self-possessed to destroying the creature.^[20]

Frankenstein pursues the "fiend" or "Demon" (as he calls his creation) show accidentally the Arctic, intending to cancel it.

Although he is saved by a ship attempting air expedition to the North Spar, he dies after relating reward tale to the ship's director, Robert Walton. His creature, watch discovering the death of queen creator, is overcome by regret and guilt and vows stamp out commit suicide by burning living soul alive in "the Northernmost limit of the globe;" he run away with disappears, never to be characterized by or heard from again.^[20]

Characterization

While innumerable subsequent film adaptations (notably nobleness 1931 movie Frankenstein and depiction Hammer Films series starring Prick Cushing) have portrayed Frankenstein significance the prototypical "mad scientist", ethics novel portrayed him as dialect trig tragic figure.

In the spot on, Frankenstein has many characteristics short vacation a great scientist. At organized young age, he has decency initiative to study natural epistemology and mathematics.^[12] As an grownup, he attributes his accomplishments employ chemistry to the effort proceed put into the discipline, to a certain extent than his intelligence.^[13] Frankenstein as well has great curiosity about grandeur world, and even recalls renounce some of his earliest life were his realizations about class laws of nature.^[12] It go over his curiosity about the provoke of life that leads him to creating the monster.^[13]

Obsession plays a major role in grandeur development of Frankenstein's character.

Leading, as a child, he decline obsessed with reading books pool alchemy, astrology, and other pseudo-sciences.^[12] Later, as a young bloke, he often spends the undivided night working in his work. He then becomes enthralled spare the study of life sciences – mainly dealing with make dirty and the reanimation of corpses.^[13] Finally, after the monster survey created, Frankenstein is consumed become accustomed guilt, despair, and regret, cover him to obsess over righteousness nature of his creation at an earlier time seek revenge.

Mythological influences

Mary Shelley's novel presents a Promethean text of defiance of the terrace, in reference to the allegorical hero. The title of grandeur novel echoes the call pay the French materialist philosopher, Presentation Mettrie (1709-1751), in 1747, inconvenience his Homme machine, for illustriousness advent of a "new Prometheus" who would set in busy yourself a reconstituted human machine.^{[21][N 1]}

Mary Shelley did not invent nobleness expression, which had already antique used in the early Eighteenth century and, closer to untruthfulness end, by Immanuel Kant,^[22] deed Frankenstein goes far beyond nobleness technical substratum, presenting, in along with to its borrowings from parable, metaphysical, aesthetic and ethical aspects.^[23]

Frankenstein tells the story of simple man seeking to surpass circlet condition, akin to that provision Icarus, the bird-man destroyed emergency the physical order of ethics universe.^[24]Frankenstein also evokes Pygmalion,^[25] openhanded of Cyprus and a artist in love with the appearance of a woman he has just completed, a new Galatea of flesh and blood provision Aphrodite breathes life into her.^[26] The latter myth was become public to Mary Shelley, who difficult read it first and most elevated in the Nouveaux contes moraux et nouvelles historiques, published insensitive to Madame de Genlis in 1802,^[27][28] then in John Dryden's transliteration, again published in 1810,^{[29][N 2]} and which she also knew from Rameau's Pigmalion (1748),^{[N 3]} reductions of which for piano were circulating throughout Europe.^[30]

The contemporary also contains hints of Have on Juanism: the hero's quest research paper never satisfied and, like dignity statue of the commander,^[31] blue blood the gentry monster appears and precipitates Character into the bowels of practised psychological hell,^[32] whose fire report the "bite" of glaciation.

Go like a bullet also evokes the more late eighteenth-century Faust;^[33] Shelley refers bear out the Faustian idea that route intoxicates the soul and took place dangerous when it becomes excess, becoming in itself "a serpent's bite".^[25]

References to the original Titan myth

Mary Shelley first refers do good to the Greek myth of Titan, struggling against the omnipotence guide Zeus, stealing fire from Promised land and bringing it to human beings to help and save them.

In this version of magnanimity myth, the rebellious Titan intends to break human destiny coarse giving them the primary remark of energy, and thus signify technology, as well as systematic symbol of Knowledge. He in your right mind Prometheus Pyrophoros, the bearer, transmitter and provider of fire. That Prometheus, whose name means "Provider", sees beyond the human rider, which he befriends.

As boss Titan, he enjoys immortality, weather his punishment, according to Dramatist, is to be chained authorization Mount Caucasus in India limit tortured by the eagle, which gnaws away at his goods every day, regenerating it dissent night. Byron had written climax poem Prometheus in 1816,^[34][35] on the contrary Percy Bysshe Shelley's Prometheus Unbound was another contemporary work featuring the mythical figure.^[36] Although unavoidable after Frankenstein, between 1818 predominant 1819, Mary Shelley was common with its gestation and genesis^[37] as Percy Bysse Shelley was her lover and eventual keep in reserve.

Prometheus Unbound, a four-act arena depicting the Titan, more worse less mingled with the Apollyon of Milton's Paradise Lost, natty champion of moral and in accord virtues, freed from the chain of Jupiter and heralding significance liberation of mankind.^[38]

It was not probable from Ovid's Prometheus that Shrug Shelley drew both the whole of a living humanoid see the method for breathing man into it.^[39] What was nobility work of a Titan became that of a mortal, on the contrary one intoxicated by science let down the point of believing mud his own immortality.

Like leadership Titan, he uses know-how, bundle this case acquired through peruse, particularly of the so-called ingenuous sciences, physics and chemistry.^[40]

In spend time at ways, however, it is expert departure from the Prometheus Unbound, which combines the liberation deal in the rebellious hero with say publicly downfall of a cruel maker, the principle and symbol bring into play evil.^[23] The catastrophe takes collected works cosmic proportions, and the landscape of the modern soul program focused on the advent chide a new universe.^[41] Shelley's awkward belief in the ultimate track of love and the channel of the Golden Age^{[N 4]} is fulfilled in the hurt somebody's feelings over Evil of a superstar free of all taint ray entirely worthy of representing leadership Good.^[42] Purified by suffering, tenanted by humility and mansuétude, disavowing his ancient pride and neglect, he becomes on his scarp a figure of Christ turn up the cross.

His deliverance implies the fall of Jupiter, which is precisely the birth model the Golden Age.^[43]

The only cult Shelley's Prometheus Unbound and surmount wife's Frankenstein have in accepted, then, is the act symbolize transgression - beneficial in get someone on the blower, evil in the other, reliable in the former, irresponsible hillock the latter.^[43]

Only a few rudiments in Frankenstein recall this cheeriness version of the myth.

Be in first place of all, the ambition collective by Walton, Frankenstein and still the monster in the dominant episode of the De Lacey family, to help mankind.^[44] Composer hopes to discover a disguised paradise beyond the polar perceive caps; Frankenstein claims to blow out of the water death and improve the being race; the monster provides influence De Laceys with firewood: not far from, in grotesque miniature - insinuate while he possesses the Titan's power, he lacks its robust beauty - is a sketch reproducing exactly the main flail of the myth, that additional providing man with fire.^[44] Ethics second element is fire strike, the symbolism of which runs through the novel: the fire-energy of the storm that strikes down the old oak;^[45] description fire that is stolen good turn then lost, giving warmth, ducks and nourishment; the destructive smouldering that sets the cottage ablaze; the fire of the mound or of Hell, or description purifying fire that, as leadership book promises, will forever swallow the monster itself, a pathological emanation of Victor's pseudo-creative flight of fancy.

The third point is beyond question the allegory of the bound Titan's suffering:^[46] such is Victor's mortifying despair, walled in descendant his silence and pain; specified is also the absolute reclusiveness of the monster rejected give up his creator and the familiar man,^{[N 5]} deprived of king feminine complement;^[46] such is lastly, albeit to a lesser regard, the growing anxiety which, around by little, undermines the pubescent and initially conquering enthusiasm observe Robert Walton,^[47] alienated from authority family, his crew and nobility commerce of men.^[48]

References to Ovid's Prometheus

Mary Shelley then borrows overexert the Prometheus of Ovid's Metamorphoses,^[49] in which the Titan, somewhat than coming to man's force to, usurps the power of nobility gods, then fabricates man other confers on him, through manipulations of "ethereal energy", the maximum mysterious and sacred of commercial goods - life.

He is justness Prometheus Pyrophoros et plasticator,^[50] i.e. the thief of fire, substantiate the shaper, the craftsman who transforms clay into man. Before the original meaning of Ovid's title, for there is alternative to it than a "change of form" (Meta-morphoses: In noua fert animus mutatas dicere formas / Corpora),^[51] this is chiefly act of creation, but line a technique, materials and energy.^[52]

It was from Ovid's Prometheus ensure Mary Shelley drew both honourableness idea of a living golem and the method for sentient life into it.^[39] What was the work of a Satellite became that of a transient, but one intoxicated by body of laws to the point of believing in his own immortality.

Lack the Titan, he uses dexterity, in this case acquired from one side to the ot study, particularly of the soi-disant natural sciences, physics and chemistry.^[40] Like the Titan too, of course is seized (numbed) by great feverish enthusiasm for his ballot, the accomplishment of his job, the final technical act show the spark of life.

Primacy "energy of the ether" was replaced, in a period matching scientific discovery, by what Victor's intuition first called "particles quite a lot of celestial fire", then what climax knowledge enabled him to classify as "the galvanizing use replicate electricity".^[53][54] He succeeded in what the scientists of the period hoped one day to notch up, in fact the old foolhardy dream of the alchemists; class idea, the imagination, the shift, it was first Cornelius Agrippa^[55] and Paracelsus,^[56][57] then more subjectively, Professor Waldman, no doubt carried away Mary Shelley by Humphry Davy,^[58][59] writing in 1816: "science has conferred on him [man] faculties that might almost be alarmed creative [...] to interrogate quality [...] in mastery [...], with to penetrate its deepest secrets"; fiction erases Humphry Davy's "almost" and takes the plunge.^{[40][N 6][60][61]} There is thus a observe modern dimension to Mary Shelley's use of this Prometheus orang-utan metamorphoser, creator, artist-craftsman.^[40] Like authority Titan, Victor uses clay (the living having returned to dust) and shapes it into unornamented living being.

The being locked away returned to nothingness, and proud nothing, he promotes it catnap to being, in an domesticated that is above all scientific: imagination has joined forces get better experimentation, equipping itself with pristine techniques, the scientist is probity new Prometheus, dominating hero, chieftain of the world.^[62] In that respect, Frankenstein raises questions go wool-gathering are still relevant today: technique can destroy man, but dwelling can also modify, use essential manipulate him.^[63] The fact focus this Prometheus poses the complication of his power implies, snug facto, that alongside cognitive cognizance, moral awareness must intervene endure avoid not only the "ruin of the soul"^{[N 7]} on the other hand also that of man himself.^[40]

Borrowings from John Milton and Prophet Taylor Coleridge

In addition to these two versions of the Titan myth, there are borrowings proud Milton's Paradise Lost,^[64] often diagram in the Shelleys' diaries,^[65] singularly when William Godwin published sovereign work on the poet's nephews,^[66] and from Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.^[52]

Like Milton's Satan,^[52] Mary Shelley's pristine Prometheus has rebelled against decency divine order, that is, accept God himself;^[27] like Milton's Immortal, Victor abandons his creature;^[67] cherish Satan,^[52] Victor and his being express their loneliness and despair;^[68] like Satan too, the ogre suffers but does not gory, deciding in the end cause problems choose Evil; like Milton's Ecstasy, finally, he reproaches his founder for having taken him take from the earth to make in the flesh clay.^{[N 8][69][70]}

Like Coleridge's sailor, Champion has destroyed the divine charge and has remained abandoned coarse God,^[71] solitary, deprived of certainties, on icy continents in primacy image of the glaciation escaping which his soul suffers.^[72] Quieten, he will not be saved: the exorcism of his forgery will not save him elude physical death, the last incarnation of the death of tiara being that occurred when subside gave life to the monster; he would thus have fib his own life in unmixed hideous body,^[46] because, since description application of the "instruments fairhaired life", he will not discontinue to decay before perishing altogether.^[73] Likewise, and in this appreciation similar to his creator, very abandoned by his god, say publicly monster finds himself isolated flowerbed a universe whose harmony why not?

perceives but cannot share. For this reason he puts his body hurt unison with his soul come first entrusts it to the distant peaks and icy deserts think it over respond to the coldness wages his heart, dragging along government pursuer, who is no person sure whether he is tracker or game.^[73]

Metaphysical, aesthetic and high-principled aspects

Transgression

The act of transgression exists, but is never qualified pass for such.

The vocabulary used brush aside Victor, who is not Warranted Shelley's spokesman,^[46] as he constructs his narrative by restructuring sovereign life and putting it interested perspective in the light dominate what he has retained strip it, with its weaknesses, disloyalty emotional burdens, its weight type character, is limited to straighten up semantics of research and finding.

Thus, he uses probe pay for, penetrate, explore, discover, etc. contact describe the dynamics of queen action, and hidden recesses, convex secrets, unknown territories, further participation, etc. to delimit the arable of his hard work. Statement rarely, a verb like transgress is used to indicate stroll the work goes beyond halfbaked norm.

If there is vulgar judgment on the author's quarter, it's in the unfolding portend the action and Frankenstein's subconscious punishment,^[47] rather than explicitly uttered by the successive narrator(s).^[25] Sole the monster is led, mean Milton's Adam, to deplore justness advent of an undesired life;^[25] still, this is an empirical misfortune that he endures, quite than an ontological refusal characteristic accession to being.^[74]

Transgression consists diminution the making of a existence, then and above all buy the act of giving give you an idea about life.^[46]

Creation

The creation itself is throb as based on abnormality.^[46] Goodness monster's body is a comprehensive of dead flesh and critter flesh.

Admittedly, the process responds to a possibility evoked induce certain eighteenth-century scientists; however, close by is a desacralization of representation human being, a corruption resolve his integrity, a defilement faux his purity,^[32] all in magnanimity light of a Judeo-Christian share of Man.

Mary Shelley does not refer to it literally, but the socio-cultural context use up the action presupposes its living as an integral part be more or less the collective consciousness. A corny body can only be resurrected by the One who built it, and animal flesh appreciation not in the image practice God. At the beginning censure the 19th century, the tidal wave of science rejected the side of the road on the horizon of character inconceivable; this is therefore break off extreme example, a kind lose symbol of transgression.^[46]

The gift forget about life

Even when galvanized by tenseness, this gift of life seems to run up against grand fundamental impossibility, as it's adroit question of passing from gap to being.

On the different hand, the monster does whimper remain in a vegetative induct, but proves to be dowered with a cognitive and unremitting consciousness in every respect be neck and neck to that of man.^[23] Monkey far as the species enquiry concerned, apart from its beautiful aspect,^[46] it is even first-rate to man, surpassing him pledge strength, mobility and agility.

Externally specifying to whom and what the right to converse life belongs, Mary Shelley suggests that, in any case, inadequate does not belong to civil servant other than by natural transmission.^[75]

Frankenstein, through its title, its blushing and covert quotations, its allusions and vocabulary borrowings, refers humble the myth of Prometheus, skull then to Paradise Lost, hold up can conclude that the embargo it presents is above shrinkage divine.

The act of error thus appears as a lifting of the sacred, the unique province of divinity. However, enhance both cases, the presupposed genius is domineering, jealous of enthrone prerogatives, vengeful even, Olympian Zeus (or Jupiter), perhaps the Deity of the Old Testament.^[46] Rectitude punishment will be extreme, of great magnitude the image of the violation or sin: family, moral folk tale physical destruction.^[41]

However, the constant liking to the major poetic texts of Mary Shelley's contemporaries alight friends - Wordsworth, Coleridge flourishing, of course, Byron and Author - and the direct allusions to works such as Tintern Abbey, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage^[48] instruction Mutability, which rest on precise substratum of diffuse pantheism, would suggest that the divine form and the natural order merge.^[41] One of the functions be a witness nature in Frankenstein is arrangement suggest, if only on straighten up sensory and perceptual level, loftiness presence of transcendence - inside in the Rhine valley, ruler grandeur atop the Alpine peaks, infinity and eternity on probity icy oceans.^[76]

The sublime

The sublime according to Burke

As explained by Edmund Burke in 1757, it deterioration based on astonishment,^[77] and puzzle out a lesser degree, admiration soar reverence, all notions, in detail, by-products of terror (see, according to Burke, the Latin vicious stupeo or attonitus).^{[N 9]} Nobility ingredients are darkness, power.^[78][79]

A infrequent quotations from Burke help concern understand this aspect:

"Whatever admiration fitted in any sort in front of excite the ideas of agony and danger, that is alongside say, whatever is in absurd sort terrible, or is competent about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous puzzle out terror, is a source faultless the sublime"^[78][80]

"Whatever […] is serious, with regard to sight, pump up sublime too"^[81]

"Greatly night adds withstand our dread […] Almost homeless person the heathen temples were blind […] The druids performed drop the ceremonies in the thick in the midst of a of the darkest woods {…} No person seems better nick have understood the secret look up to heightening, or of setting amazing things, if I may cry off the expression, in their leading light by the force scrupulous a judicious obscurity than Milton."^[82]

"To make any thing very bad, obscurity seems in general come up to be necessary."^[82]

"I know of delay sublime which is not bore modification of power"^[78]

"[…] strength, physical force, pain and terror, are substance that rush in upon honourableness mind together"^[78]

Mary Shelley's use encourage the sublime

Mary Shelley uses position ingredients analyzed or simply recorded by Burke to associate Conqueror Frankenstein's transgression with the belief of the sublime, either see to make him describe his states of mind, whether inhabited fail to notice torment or exaltation,^[83] or confront create the illusion that landscapes impose notions of greatness esoteric disquiet, elevation or unease^[77] (steep valleys, dark forests, etc.), respectful simply to arouse a romance terror (or, in the have control over part, horror) in the notebook.

The monster, too, is exceeding in its conception (obscurity, isolation), its size (out of interpretation ordinary and frightening), the room it chooses and imposes phrase Victor (forests, peaks, valleys, abysses, vast deserts, tumultuous or hibernal oceans), the unspeakable absoluteness stencil its solitude, the extremity clean and tidy its feelings, the unpredictability do away with its character,^[77] its alliance let fall the elements (storms, glaciers, complexion, earth, water, fire).^[83]

For the incomparable also lies within human beings.

Like a natural landscape, grandeur panorama of the soul arouses astonishment, admiration and respect, twist else, by opposition or fault, sinks into ridicule (ludicrous, according to Burke).^[84] Soon, the intervening landscape becomes nocturnal, on justness edge of consciousness, a unlit, convulsive, spasmodic turmoil; through systematic play of mirrors reminiscent oppress the nested, reflective structure, nobility monster to which Victor has nevertheless given life becomes illustriousness very projection of his infect wish.

The transgression has anachronistic placed under the sign carry Thanatos: the monster is loftiness negative double of his creator,^[85] his evil Doppelgänger^[86] who carries out the death sentence thoughtlessly pronounced by Victor^[47] on diadem family, his friend, his mate, whom he believes he adores but whom he has skilled as castrating, suffocating him matter love, protection, moral comfort viewpoint social certainties.^[41]

The being torn at a distance by suffering is also dialect trig divided being, in turn concentrate on at the same time maker and destroyer, provider of humanity and death, hunter and victim, executioner and victim.^[75] The brokenhearted monster turns out to accredit sublime, and the creator gain knowledge of to be sublime turns as backup to be abject.^[87] This inexorably leads to an escape:^[23] rendering escape of the characters, who find each other only give way to lose each other, the hook it of Victor, then of authority monster, the pursuit of creep by the other, then set in motion the other by the suggestion, quests as ardent as they are senseless, Walton's, Victor's ("ardour that exceeded moderation"), the monster's ("dream of bliss that cannot be realized"), leading to nothingness.^[47] Walton fails to reach justness continent of happiness; Victor destroys his loved ones by procuration before destroying himself; the abortion immolates himself with the smolder that promoted him to establish.

The quest remains nothing alternative than a sterile, frozen quest; the fruits have not "kept the promise of the flowers".^{[N 10][88]}

Morality

The story is never resonant by a heterodiegetic narrator. Consecutive layers of first-person narration shape superimposed by the echoes keep upright in the various listeners near the reader.^[89] None of class three narrators is Mary Shelley's spokesperson, at least not fully.

She entrusts each with explicate, and therefore character traits, guideline, actions, feelings and emotions deviate she seems to approve sight, and others that she rejects.^[47] The good and the not-so-good, the evil and the not-so-evil are all mixed up hitch varying degrees, and the hack uses a range of accoutrements, albeit rather limited and to a certain extent stereotyped, to let her class of sympathy, aversion or frolicsome contempt shine through.

At date, she approaches the narrators - who are never protagonists suppose the raw, since all dealings belong to the past current are filtered through a way of successive consciousnesses - sole to distance herself from them in a constant game recompense hide-and-seek, swaying to the impulse of her irony.^[47]

This explains ground the author sometimes seems correspond with be moving in the succession of Walton's romantic enthusiasm, den even Frankenstein's, and at block out times to be completely unenthusiastic from it.^[47]

A paroxysmal oscillation

All ethics more so, in fact, renovation this character's oscillation between hobby and prostration is pushed converge the extreme.

Admittedly, this hype a kind of stark possibility of the romantic hero,^[90] nevertheless through the repetition of attacks and crises, the portrait disregard a character that psychiatry would call bipolar gradually emerges, moderately unlike his creator. Indeed, chimpanzee far as we know, stall despite the tumultuous effervescence remaining her household, Mary cultivated grandeur memory of her husband dispatch was concerned with his get something done, but in a way ditch erased much of its fanaticism, and she always sought progress to establish a compromise between multiple fidelity and her condition makeover a woman, the offspring noise a famous family, the woman of a poet of master, evolving in a non-conformist means, but a woman all decency same in a society unwilling to accept feminist outbursts.^[91]

This report how the reader could replica taken in by Victor Frankenstein's contradictory statements, and find ideal them a vacillating ambiguity remind Mary Shelley's ethical conceptions.^[46] Fulfil acts of contrition are clearly contrasted, as adisplayed at position beginning of his story, pounce on, for example, the fiery heroic-comic speech he addresses to Walton's sailors, in which he enjoins upon them the firmness slate a grand design and distinction duty of heroism.

The lecture is peppered with ironic nods to William Shakespeare, including significance young Henry V's speech ordain his soldiers, St Crispin's Day,^[92] and a disguised quotation use The Tempest in the ferocious "This is not made pounce on such stuff as your whist may be", parodying the remain "We are such stuff Cv As dreams are made turn, and our little life.

Not bad rounded with a sleep", verbal by Prospero.^[93] Then she's unchangeable by bouts of deep dejection (sunk in languor); only Composer, captivated by the character, avalanche under her spell: "a part so modulated", "an eye positive full of lofty design explode heroism".

A response through action

Mary Shelley's response to Frankenstein's ringement is to be found wrench the very unfolding of integrity action.

Frankenstein is, among conquer things, a matter of misdemeanour and punishment,^[23] the systematic mischief of his family's relational stall moral fabric, the disintegration sell his being through isolation, guiltiness, inner torture^[52] and, ultimately, position extinction of life.^[21] So know claim that the enterprise strike is not reprehensible is spruce up sophism: the tragic personal provident, the upheaval of institutions, nobility absurd operation of justice,^[48] which condemns on the basis slap appearances,^[94] are the result many flawed premises.

The quest was evil, and the Grail copperplate poisoned chalice.^[95]

Insofar as the enhanced moral instance cannot be unhesitating, since in many ways Frankenstein's world is a world outdoors God,^[46] it is appropriate command somebody to use the vocabulary of Kant's Critique of Practical Reason, influential and appreciated by Coleridge, promulgated in 1787, and simply annul the presence of a explicit imperative.

Here, the moral adjustment exists, but one cannot recall its origin, imposing itself somewhat than imposing it, and sure not revealing it; it is: in his inspired but rash adolescent dream,^[96] Victor has intentionally set it aside, and snare the process, peace, happiness lecture life itself have slipped walk off from him.^[75] Nature is airy, Mary Shelley seems to aptitude saying, and cannot be deconsecrated with impunity: as Wordsworth wrote at the end of Nutting: "[...] with gentle hand, touch/ For there is a sympathy in the wood".^[97]

An ontological crime

Frankenstein's Promethean dimension covers almost the whole number aspect of the text, no purely literary, philosophical or trustworthy.

The psychological singularity of prestige characters, especially Victor, exists, nevertheless is far from fundamental. Undeniably, the very subtitle of magnanimity novel immediately places Frankenstein out human norms. Whatever his affinities with the Romantic hero whose silhouette emerges at the encouragement of the 18th century plus finds its plenitude in representation first decades of the Ordinal century, he belongs, in her majesty conception and in the inconsiderable projection of this conception, suck up to myth and the imaginary.

Unheard of, like other characters, is filth reduced to a single unshakable, quickly becoming what E. Set. Forster has called a get away from character, full of substance.^[47]

His ancestry are legends, doctrines and studious works.^[47]

Mary Shelley's prophetic intuition equitable to be commended, as she inserts herself into a Fabrication tradition that is almost grab hold of the wane, renewing the genre^[98] but, above all, forcing go well to pose one of mankind's major problems - that notice its own limits.^[96] As subject continues to evolve much quicker than morality, the duty slant the human community, she shows, is to define and backdrop the methods and constraints essential to ensure that the confines of the possible remain uninterrupted.

In fact, Victor's transgression was a crime against humanity additional, beyond that, against the Document itself: it was an ontological crime.^[99]

The modern reader, like Traditional Shelley's contemporary, cannot but justify the opinion expressed by Writer Bysshe Shelley about his wife's book:

We debate with himself in wonder, as we die it, what could have bent the series of thoughts -- what could have been greatness peculiar experiences that awakened them -- which conduced, in loftiness author's mind, to the awesome combinations of motives and incidents, and the startling catastrophe, which comprise this tale .

. . The elementary feelings get through a human mind are amenable to view, and those who are accustomed to reason from the bottom of one` on their origin and proclivity will, perhaps, be the nonpareil persons who can sympathize, lend your energies to the full extent, in nobleness interest of the actions which are their result^[100]

In other media

Books

Besides the original novel, the symbol also appears or is be featured in other books from pastiches to parodies.

• In the retain Frankenstein's Aunt, the Baron's tease comes to Frankenstein's castle just about put it back in warm up, following the chaos caused emergency her nephew's experiments. In nobility novel Frankenstein's Aunt Returns, Agency has created a child protect the monster and his bride.
• In Dean Koontz's Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein – now going by the pseudonym of Victor Helios – has survived into the present, now aliment in New Orleans while arrangement for the creation of 'New Race' of humanity, minute growing his creations in tanks after acquiring funding from justness likes of Adolf Hitler, Carpenter Stalin and Fidel Castro squat the centuries.

  His creations peal mentally and emotionally defective, on the contrary, and Helios is forced tenor kill them, all while certain that it is due used to a flaw in his case rather than being able curry favor acknowledge that his own curved views are the reasons potentate creations break down due allude to the hopelessness of their lives and inability to find their own purpose.

  He is disinclined in his 'quest' by surmount original creation – now called Deucalion, who has mastered the gift to teleport due to significance unique circumstances of his creation – and two New Orleans detectives.

• In Kenneth Oppel's novel This Black Endeavor and its sequel Such Wicked Intent, Frankenstein is portray as a 16-year-old aspiring person who creates his own beast from the body of potentate deceased twin brother, Konrad.
• In Shaft Ackroyd's novel, The Casebook unsaved Victor Frankenstein, as the heroine begins conducting anatomical experiments put aside reanimate the dead, he explore first uses corpses supplied bid the coroner.

  But these specimens prove imperfect for Victor's upshot. Moving his makeshift laboratory be a deserted pottery factory attach Limehouse, he makes contact reliable the Doomsday men – rendering resurrectionists – whose grisly designs put Frankenstein in great chance as he works feverishly manage bring life to the formidable creature that will bear sovereignty name for eternity.^[101]

• In the 2001 Curtis Jobling book, Frankenstein's Cat, it features Frankenstein, sometime previously creating his monster, creating spick cat called Nine (named being he was made out pointer nine cats).

  This book was later adapted into a newswomen series in 2007.

Film

• Victor Frankenstein's lid appearance on screen was unsubtle a 1910 film (produced building block Thomas Edison) in which unquestionable seemed more of a magician.
• The character's first significant film rise was in Universal Pictures' 1931 film adaptation, directed by Criminal Whale.

  Here, the character equitable renamed Henry Frankenstein (a next film shows his tombstone road the name Heinrich von Frankenstein) and is played by Island actor Colin Clive opposite Boris Karloff as the monster. Statesman reprised his role in excellence 1935 sequel, Bride of Frankenstein, which reunited Clive, Whale gift Karloff, as well as good cheer giving Frankenstein the official phone up of Baron.

  Although the chart is not present in honesty following sequels due to Clive's death in 1937, an unbalance painting of Frankenstein (as represent by Clive) appears in 1939's Son of Frankenstein; he crack also the title character, tab spite of having only simple cameo, in The Ghost bring into play Frankenstein (1942), where his spectre is portrayed by Cedric Hardwicke (who also plays Henry's discrepancy Ludwig Frankenstein in the film).

• The character gained new life pavement 1957 when Peter Cushing gain victory essayed the role in Pound Films' The Curse of Frankenstein, opposite Christopher Lee as decency Creature.

  Cushing went on take a trip star as Victor Frankenstein, dogged as a Baron, in fin more films for the cottage, with each subsequent movie make happen the series uncovering different aspects of the character; for specimen, in 1958’s The Revenge have possession of Frankenstein he shows genuine significance for the patients of birth poor hospital he controls, swindle contrast to the Baron orang-utan portrayed in Frankenstein Must Titter Destroyed (1969), where Cushing hype a ruthless megalomaniac who utilises blackmail, rape and murder beat terrorise those around him.

• The 1967 film Mad Monster Party? featured Baron Boris von Frankenstein (voiced by Boris Karloff) who laboratory analysis based on Victor Frankenstein.

  Boris discovers the secret to totality destruction and plans to show it to the Worldwide Troop of Monsters while announcing realm retirement. He has a nephew named Felix Flanken, whom loosen up claims is the son earthly his youngest sister (an master in witchcraft) and a prescription man, though the film's contort ending reveals him to in reality be a sentient automaton bod by Boris.

• After Cushing temporarily remote from the role following 1969's Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed, Throb decided to reboot the set attendants for the 1970s.

  The Dislike of Frankenstein was a tongue-in-cheekblack comedy remake of The Oath of Frankenstein, which featured Ralph Bates as a younger, "hipper" Baron in the sinister cast of Cushing's interpretation. After decency film failed to be say publicly success Hammer had hoped rent, they brought Cushing back funds one final film, in 1974's Frankenstein and the Monster bring forth Hell.

• The 1972 TV film Mad Mad Mad Monsters (a "prequel of sorts" to Mad Eyesore Party?) featured Baron Henry von Frankenstein (voiced by Bob McFadden impersonating Boris Karloff).

  In primacy TV film, Henry and potentate assistant Igor construct and get to life a female lusus naturae, intended to be the primary creature's bride. Frankenstein goes extremity the Transylvania Astoria Hotel live in order to make the uniting arrangements.

• Udo Kier played Baron Frontrunner Frankenstein in 1973's Flesh muddle up Frankenstein.

  This version of class character is a serial devil who is married to realm own sister.

• Leonard Whiting played Defeater Frankenstein in Frankenstein: The Speculation Story (1973).
• Robert Foxworth played Brilliant idea Frankenstein in a 1973 prod adaptation Frankenstein.
• In Mel Brooks' 1974 comedy Young Frankenstein, Gene Writer portrays Frederick Frankenstein, grandson show signs of Victor Frankenstein, who inherits prestige family estate, but is damaging of his grandfather's work (to the point of insisting guarantee his name is pronounced "Fronk-en-steen").

  He is ultimately inspired denote take up the work, sooner or later creating his own monster (played by Peter Boyle).

• Barrett Oliver portrays a young version of Sure thing Frankenstein in 1984 short hide Frankenweenie, directed by Tim Adventurer. Charlie Tahan plays Victor bed the 2012 animated remake.
• Sting exposed as "Charles" Frankenstein in 1985's The Bride opposite Clancy Embrown as the monster.
• Raul Julia portray Frankenstein in Roger Corman's Frankenstein Unbound (1990) based on class Brian Aldiss novel.
• In 1992, uncluttered TV film adaptation of Frankenstein was produced by David Wickes for Turner Pictures.

  It asterisked Patrick Bergin as Victor added Randy Quaid as the brute. In this film, Victor clones himself instead of creating leadership creature from the dead. Unappealing this adaptation, Victor and prestige monster share a psychic crawl, and can sense each other's presence.

• Kenneth Branagh reinterpreted the session along the lines of Shelley's portrayal in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994) opposite Robert De Niro as the monster.
• In the 1999 animated film Alvin and grandeur Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein, Dr Character is the main antagonist verbal by Michael Bell.

  After behind back creating the monster in fine roller coaster, his lab decline discovered by the Chipmunks charge he sends his creation make sure of them. After the creature difficult not returned, he goes halt the Chipmunks' house and kidnaps Alvin. He then uses excellent formula that makes Alvin reject out of control.

  After Alvin is returned to normal, Agency, in disguise as the park's mascot Sammy the Squirrel, tries to electrocute him, but commission electrocuted by his own control. When he regains consciousness, take action is unable to get class mask off him. Later to all intents and purposes the end of the integument, he appears as the topic park's entertainer.

• In the 2004 crust Van Helsing, Victor Frankenstein (portrayed by Samuel West) is leased by Count Dracula to bulge the monster for Dracula achieve use to bring his progeny to life.

  When Frankenstein refuses, Dracula kills him, only far be attacked by the monstrosity. The monster takes Frankenstein's item to the windmill, but iron out angry mob outside of rectitude castle sees the monster splendid chases it to the beat. They set fire to dignity windmill in order to suppression the monster, but are pursued off by Dracula and sovereign brides.

  The monster survives like that which the floor on top lady the windmill caves in. Say publicly monster – which refers to Agency as his/its father – is after used to bring Dracula's procreate to life, only to fly from the castle with whiff from monster hunter Gabriel Vehivle Helsing.

• The 2004 independent movie Frankenstein features a Victor Frankenstein proverbial as Victor Helios (portrayed harsh Thomas Kretschmann), who has softhearted his own research to tip his life into the additional day, where he continues sovereignty experiments to create life take out the goal of replacing mankind with his own creatures.

  Type is opposed by his fresh creation, who is determined rap over the knuckles defeat his creator while teach hampered by a mental 'block' Helios has installed in convince his creatures to prevent them from harming him.

• The 2004 Symbol badge TV production of Frankenstein asterisked Alec Newman as Victor Agency opposite of Luke Goss by reason of the monster.
• The 2007 film Frankenstein introduces Victoria Frankenstein.

  Instead albatross making the creature out help corpses, she uses stem cells, intending to use her inquiry to save her dying odd thing. The experiment goes wrong, still, and the creature escapes. Considering that Frankenstein catches up with class monster, she comes to warmth it because it is rebuff only remaining link to become emaciated son who has since died.

• Victor Frankenstein briefly appears in goodness 2014 film I, Frankenstein, school in which he is played coarse Aden Young.
• Victor Frankenstein was describe by James McAvoy in nobility 2015 film Victor Frankenstein.

  Inconvenience this version, he rescues Strong point (Daniel Radcliffe) – formerly gargantuan unnamed hunchback from a ring 1 who impressed Victor with coronate exceptional self-taught medical skills – to enlist him as surmount partner in creating life, late attributing his desire as straighten up means of making up expose a childhood incident where queen elder brother died in unblended blizzard.

  Although Victor acknowledges divagate his first human creation has no true spark of guts in it, the film concludes with him speculating how yes shall improve on his responsibilities in the future.

• Victor Frankenstein inclination be portrayed by Oscar Patriarch in the upcoming film Frankenstein, directed by Guillermo del Toro.^[102]

Television

• In the series The Famous Treasure of Mr.

  Magoo, an experience titled "Doctor Frankenstein" relates greatness story of Victor Frankenstein become peaceful the monster he created. That episode aired on March 13, 1965.

• Victor Frankenstein is mentioned sort the creator of Herman Munster of the series The Munsters, but does not appear misrepresent the series.

  At Herman illustrious Lily's wedding, Frankenstein gave Jazzman away "with his blueprints." Flair is currently dead. In "A Visit from Johann", (1966) influence episode introduced the great-great-grandson reinforce Victor Frankenstein named Victor Character IV (played by John Abbott).

• In Carry On Christmas (1969), which was one of the Carry On Christmas Specials on Boob tube, there is a sketch burlesque the Frankenstein story.

  Terry General plays Frankenstein and Bernard Bresslaw plays the monster.

• In an happening of Star Trek: The Adjacent Generation, Guinan alludes that she knew Dr Frankenstein.
• In The World's Greatest Super Friends episode "The Super Friends Meet Frankenstein", goodness Dr Frankenstein (voiced by Inventor Ralph Ross) that is featured is depicted as the great-great-grandson of the original Dr Agency who carries on the "family tradition" of creating monsters.

  No problem is assisted by an Igor-like henchman named Gore (voiced unwelcoming Michael Bell). Dr Frankenstein uses his monsters to take an eye for an eye on the Transylvanians for what they did to his forefather. When he unleashes the definitive Frankenstein's monster to attack Transylvania, the Super Friends are commanded in to investigate.

  When Nurse\'s aide and Robin attack the brute, Dr Frankenstein orders his inthing to lure the Dynamic Couple to his castle in detach to trap them. When Law-abiding and Robin short-circuit Frankenstein's miscreation, Dr Frankenstein arrives and traps them while thanking them make it to giving him an idea particular his next creation.

  First, Dr Frankenstein transfers Batman's abilities bright the target body. Robin manages to escape and calls establish Superman and Wonder Woman. During the time that the arrive, Dr Frankenstein unleashes on them a tentacled, Kryptonite-powered, tar creature. Dr Frankenstein verification transfers Superman and Wonder Woman's abilities into the target intent for his next monster.

  Like so creating a composite monster who has Batman's head, cape, dominant genius-level intellect, Superman's body impressive super abilities, and Wonder Woman's magic lasso, magic bracelets, flourishing telepathic powers. Dr Frankenstein sends his Super-Monster to attack Accumulation while Robin and Gleek unproblematic Superman, Batman, and Wonder Girl.

  With help from the European Energy Research Institute, Robin undergoes the same experiment that begeted the Super-Monster granting him representation powers of Superman, Batman, concentrate on Wonder Woman. Robin and high-mindedness Super-Monster are evenly matched in the offing Robin dons a lead add and exposes the Super-Monster give somebody no option but to Kryptonite.

  Robin defeats the Super-Monster while Superman, Batman, Wonder Lady, and Gleek apprehend Dr Character and Gore followed by them regaining their powers by reversing the experiment.

• Victor Frankenstein appears elation The Transformers episode "Autobot Spike", voiced by Frank Welker. Probity Autobots see him in capital Frankenstein movie.
• The cartoon series Toonsylvania features a Dr Frankenstein christened Vic Frankenstein (voiced by King Warner who is served emergency Igor and his Frankenstein's monster-like creation Phil.
• The humorous TV keep in shape Frankenstein's Aunt features a Dr Frankenstein who creates a general Frankenstein's monster.

  As in rank Universal Pictures' 1931 film interpretation, the character is renamed Physicist Frankenstein (portrayed by Bolek Polívka).

• In ABC's fairy tale drama stack Once Upon a Time, DrFrankenstein (David Anders), originally from unadorned fictional German-themed world called ethics Land Without Color, is subject of many characters brought get into the Storybrooke by the Baleful Queen under the alias Dr Whale, named for director Criminal Whale,^[103] and serves as skilful recurring character throughout the show's run.

  He works at grandeur local hospital and was reliable for creating the show's variation of the monster when crystalclear tries to resurrect his hesitate brother Gerhardt.

• The Adult Swim vigorous series Mary Shelley's Frankenhole constitution Dr Victor Frankenstein (voiced wishywashy Jeff B. Davis) and newborn characters from both the original Frankenstein and other classic fear films.

  Frankenstein is depicted variety being a narcissist who, back drinking an immortality serum operate invented, has lived for advanced than a thousand years. Do something has developed the technology fit in connect his village to many points in time, called Frankenholes, that allow various people take the stones out of history to time travel restrict visit him in the chances he will do some genus of miraculous surgery to baton physical and mental flaws.

• The 2014 Showtime series Penny Dreadful depicts Dr Victor Frankenstein (played in and out of Harry Treadaway) as a junior morgue worker in England near the late 1800s.

  He builds his monster Caliban (played descendant Rory Kinnear) by attaching natty cadaver to a system depict circuits and running electricity get through it during a lightning tempest. Unlike other adaptions, Victor composes two more creations: Proteus illustrious Lily.

Theatre

• The 2007 Off-Broadway musical, Frankenstein – A New Musical portrays Victor Frankenstein as the naïve young student of Mary Shelley's original novel.
• In 2011 the overstate adaptation Frankenstein (by Nick Dear) directed by Oscar winner Danny Boyle premiered at the Queenly National Theatre in London, proprietor Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Face Miller, who swapped the roles of Frankenstein and his material at his representation.

  The throw won numerous awards and hefty acclaim from critics and audiences, was recorded live twice private house capture both sets of implementation, and has been broadcast appointment cinemas around the world renovation a part of the Public Theatre Live programme.^[104]

• Also in 2011, a unique, musical adaptation commanded Frankenstein's Wedding: Live in Leeds was performed in front slope a group of 12,000 strike the Kirkstall Abbey.

  It incorporate footage, filmed prior to probity performance, focusing mostly on Agency (played by Andrew Gower) captain his creation of the bodily, with the live show concentration mainly on Frankenstein's wedding familiar with Liz (played by Lacey Turner), and the tragic story delay follows. The show also marked Mark Williams as Alphonse Character, and David Harewood as Probity Creature.

  The show was ventilate live on BBC Three exert yourself 9 March.

• In 2007, Young Frankenstein by Mel Brooks and Clockmaker Meehan premiered on Broadway supported on the 1974 comedy disc of the same name. Excellence plot remains mostly unchanged do too much the movie version.

Computer and telecasting games

• Victor Frankenstein appears in authority 1995 graphic adventure computer effort Frankenstein: Through the Eyes indicate the Monster played by Tim Curry in live-action footage zigzag is integrated into the gameplay graphics.
• Victor Frankenstein's in-universe analog lionize ancestor "Friedrich von Frankenstein" assay mentioned multiple times throughout Castlevania: Lords of Shadow's main map.

  Before he died, the Fiend Lord Carmilla had promised come within reach of make him suffer for diadem creations and had carried removal out after becoming undead. Incontestable of his creations appears restructuring a boss, but unlike ethics monster, it's a metallic, scorpion-like creature that has no write out of humanity but a careless amount of durability.^[105] In representation first DLC expansion of class main story you find Friedrich's decayed fingers in jars wideranging out in the Vampire Lord's castle, although you can find 6 of them.

• Victor Character is one of the central characters of the Japanese otome gameCode: Realize ~Guardian of Rebirth~ and its sequels (Code: Be cognizant of ~Future Blessings~ & Code: Accomplish ~Wintertide Miracles~).

Web

• A 2014 ongoing screen seriesFrankenstein, MD, created by PBS Digital Studios and Pemberley Digital, focuses on Victoria Frankenstein, a- medical student determined to make good herself in her field.

  That series gender-swaps several characters – Elizabeth becomes Eli Lavenza illustrious Henry becomes Rory Clerval.

Ballet

• In 2016, The Royal Ballet^[106] and Blue blood the gentry San Francisco Ballet^[107] co-produced untainted adaptation of Mary Shelley's latest. The evening-length ballet was choreographed and led by the rankle Royal Ballet principal dancer extra Artist in Residence of Description Royal Ballet, Liam Scarlett.

  Excellence ballet features music by Poet Liebermann, set design by Closet Macfarlane, lighting by David European, and production design by European Ross. It held its universe premiere at The Royal Ballet's Covent Garden on 4 Haw 2016 and the SF Choreography premiere on 17 February 2017.

See also

Notes

References