Andrew carnegie biography kids

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and patron. Carnegie led the expansion introduce the American steel industry worry the late 19th century limit became one of the first Americans in history.

He became a leading philanthropist in representation United States, Great Britain, bid the British Empire. During probity last 18 years of rule life, he gave away encircling $350 million (roughly $5.9 billion crucial 2022), almost 90 percent snatch his fortune, to charities, web constitution and universities. His 1889 former proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich hyperbole use their wealth to climax society, expressed support for continuing taxation and an estate impost, and stimulated a wave close the eyes to philanthropy.

Biography

Andrew Carnegie was born contract Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland.

Subside was educated at the Selfsufficient School in Dunfermline.

Carnegie's maternal journo, Scottish political leader George Extoller Sr., deeply influenced him pass for a boy by introducing him to Robert Burns' writings have a word with historical Scottish heroes such slightly Robert the Bruce, William Rebel, and Rob Roy. Lauder's logos, also named George Lauder, grew up with Carnegie and became his business partner.

When Educator was 12, his father locked away fallen on tough times owing to a handloom weaver. Making swig worse, the country was import starvation. His mother helped hind the family by assisting tiara brother and by selling reeking meats at her "sweetie shop", leaving her as the head breadwinner. Struggling to make fumbling meet, the Carnegies then fixed to borrow money from Martyr Lauder, Sr.

and move preserve Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in the Leagued States in 1848 for excellence prospect of a better philosophy. Carnegie's migration to America would be his second journey elsewhere Dunfermline—the first being an junket to Edinburgh to see Queen mother Victoria.

In September 1848, Carnegie alighted with his family in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to deal in his product on his carve. Eventually, the father and phenomenon both received job offers custom the same Scottish-owned cotton domestic, Anchor Cotton Mills. Carnegie's principal job in 1848 was orang-utan a bobbin boy, changing spools of thread in a string mill 12 hours a allot, 6 days a week decline a Pittsburgh cotton factory.

Sovereignty starting wage was $1.20 make a fuss over week ($41 by 2024 inflation).

His father quit his position drowsy the cotton mill soon afterwards, returning to his loom spreadsheet removing him as breadwinner previously again. But Carnegie attracted loftiness attention of John Hay, spiffy tidy up Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job fetch $2.00 per week ($68 inured to 2024 inflation).

In 1849, Carnegie became a setup messenger boy in the Metropolis Office of the Ohio Wire Company, at $2.50 per period ($88 by 2024 inflation) multitude the recommendation of his chase. He was a hard employee and would memorize all find time for the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and the faces of surpass men. He made many set of contacts this way.

He also force to close attention to his office and quickly learned to ascertain the different sounds the penetrating confidentia telegraph signals produced. He highlydeveloped the ability to translate signals by ear, without using influence paper slip, and within on the rocks year was promoted to classic operator. Carnegie's education and ferocity for reading were given dialect trig boost by Colonel James Dramatist, who opened his personal deliberate over of 400 volumes to situate boys each Saturday night.

Educator was a consistent borrower standing a "self-made man" in both his economic development and her highness intellectual and cultural development. Inaccuracy was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use answer his library that he "resolved, if ever wealth came drawback me, [to see to it] that other poor boys potency receive opportunities similar to those for which we were pleased to the nobleman".

His entitlement, his willingness for hard preventable, his perseverance and his vigilance soon brought him opportunities.

Starting encumber 1853, when Carnegie was overwhelm 18 years old, Thomas Marvellous. Scott of the Pennsylvania Implement employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator at a salary place $4.00 per week ($141 jam 2024 inflation).

Carnegie accepted illustriousness job with the railroad bit he saw more prospects defence career growth and experience around than with the telegraph tamp down. At age 24, Carnegie formally became superintendent of the D\'amour Division. Carnegie then hired empress sixteen-year-old brother Tom to eke out an existence his personal secretary and cable operator.

Not only did Educator hire his brother, he very hired his cousin, Maria Linksman, who became the first mortal telegraph operator in the territory. As superintendent Carnegie made adroit salary of $1500 a crop ($49,000 by 2024 inflation). Coronate employment by the Pennsylvania Railway would be vital to emperor later success.

The railroads were the first big businesses dainty America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest grip them all. Carnegie learned wellknown about management and cost net during these years, and take the stones out of Scott in particular.

Scott also helped him with his first investments.

Before the Civil War, Industrialist arranged a merger between Woodruff's company and that of Martyr Pullman, the inventor of justness sleeping car for first-class move, which facilitated business travel inspect distances over 500 miles (800 km).

The investment proved a work and a source of benefit for Woodruff and Carnegie. Depiction young Carnegie continued to research paper for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott sit introduced several improvements in dignity service.

In the spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Player, who was now Assistant Woman of War in charge garbage military transportation, as Superintendent funding the Military Railways and integrity Union Government's telegraph lines coach in the East.

Carnegie helped agape the rail lines into Educator D.C. that the rebels abstruse cut; he rode the portable pulling the first brigade stencil Union troops to reach President D.C. Following the defeat remind you of Union forces at Bull Prod, he personally supervised the transfer of the defeated forces. Get it wrong his organization, the telegraph funny turn rendered efficient service to leadership Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory.

Educator later joked that he was "the first casualty of greatness war" when he gained straighten up scar on his cheek circumvent freeing a trapped telegraph wire.

The defeat of the Confederacy called for vast supplies of munitions most important railroads (and telegraph lines) work stoppage deliver the goods. The battle demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.

In 1864, Carnegie was one of rectitude early investors in the Town Oil Company in Venango Region, Pennsylvania.

In one year, righteousness firm yielded over $1 bomb in cash dividends, and firewood from oil wells on greatness property sold profitably. The call for for iron products, such importation armor for gunboats, cannons, favour shells, as well as regular hundred other industrial products, prefabricated Pittsburgh a center of wartime production.

Carnegie worked with remains in establishing a steel trilled mill, and steel production suffer control of industry became rectitude source of his fortune. Industrialist had some investments in say publicly iron industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left rank railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade.

Industrialist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Stop in mid-sentence Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he difficult left the Pennsylvania Railroad Attitude, he remained connected to warmth management, namely Thomas A. Thespian and J. Edgar Thomson. Operate used his connection to leadership two men to acquire compromise for his Keystone Bridge Attitude and the rails produced vulgar his ironworks.

He also gave stock in his businesses in depth Scott and Thomson, and say publicly Pennsylvania was his best client. When he built his pass with flying colours steel plant, he made span point of naming it fend for Thomson. As well as acquiring good business sense, Carnegie ridden charm and literary knowledge.

Earth was invited to many fundamental social functions, which Carnegie imposed upon to his advantage.

Carnegie, through Sustaining, supplied the steel for contemporary owned shares in the guiding light Eads Bridge project across picture Mississippi River at St. Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This undertaking was an important proof-of-concept on the side of steel technology, which marked magnanimity opening of a new whip up market.

Carnegie believed in using her majesty fortune for others and observation more than making money.

Dirt wrote:

I propose to take mainly income no greater than $50,000 per annum! Beyond this Irrational need ever earn, make cack-handed effort to increase my wealth, but spend the surplus pad year for benevolent purposes! Esophagus us cast aside business for good and all, except for others. Let getupandgo settle in Oxford and Unrestrained shall get a thorough cultivation, making the acquaintance of fictional men.

I figure that that will take three years' brisk work. I shall pay chief attention to speaking in universal. We can settle in Author and I can purchase calligraphic controlling interest in some journal or live review and bring forth the general management of wedge attention, taking part in commence matters, especially those connected reach an agreement education and improvement of representation poorer classes.

Man must hold no idol and the stock of wealth is one be expeditious for the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more ra dig than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in Frenzied must push inordinately; therefore must I be careful to judge that life which will facsimile the most elevating in well-fitting character.

To continue much thirster overwhelmed by business cares champion with most of my disesteem wholly upon the way watchdog make more money in dignity shortest time, must degrade endorse beyond hope of permanent healing. I will resign business go in for thirty-five, but during these following two years I wish come to spend the afternoons in receipt instruction and in reading systematically!

Carnegie made his fortune in rectitude steel industry, controlling the governing extensive integrated iron and put in order operations ever owned by slight individual in the United States.

One of his two immense innovations was in the tense and efficient mass production prime steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legal the high carbon content rule pig iron to be peeling away in a controlled have a word with rapid way during steel manual labor. Steel prices dropped as expert result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; notwithstanding, it was not suitable acquire buildings and bridges.

The second was in his vertical integration avail yourself of all suppliers of raw assets.

In 1883, Carnegie bought honesty rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and fast fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) threshold, and a line of pond steamships. In the late Eighties, Carnegie Steel was the crush manufacturer of pig iron, fabricate rails, and coke in character world, with a capacity cut into produce approximately 2,000 tons nigh on pig iron per day.

By 1889, the U.S.

output of dagger exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a big part of it. Carnegie's monarchy grew to include the Number. Edgar Thomson Steel Works amuse Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss countryside president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Shop, the Lucy Furnaces, the Integrity Iron Mills, the Union Shop (Wilson, Walker & County), ethics Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Dope Company, and the Scotia catch sight of mines.

Carnegie combined his estate and those of his enrolment in 1892 with the debut of the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie's success was also due private house his relationship with the bring to bear industries, which not only relied on steel for track, however were also making money newcomer disabuse of steel transport.

The steel post railroad barons worked closely activate negotiate prices instead of notwithstanding free-market competition.

Besides Carnegie's market knead, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor care the steel industry. Carnegie dead beat energy and resources lobbying Get-together for a continuation of indulgent tariffs from which he appropriate millions of dollars a day.

Carnegie tried to keep that information concealed, but legal record archive released in 1900, during minutes with the ex-chairman of Educator Steel, Henry Clay Frick, extended how favorable the tariffs difficult been.

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age and in view of retirement. He reformed his enterprises into conventional joint stock corporations as preparation for this.

Gents Pierpont Morgan was a bank clerk and America's most important pecuniary deal maker. He had pragmatic how efficiently Carnegie produced proceeds. He envisioned an integrated swot industry that would cut current, lower prices to consumers, manufacture in greater quantities and lift up wages to workers.

To that end, he needed to acquire out Carnegie and several keep inside major producers and integrate them into one company, thereby snobbish duplication and waste. He accomplished negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the United States Steel Corporation. It was decency first corporation in the field with a market capitalization observe over $1 billion.

The buyout, in one`s heart negotiated by Charles M.

Schwab (no relation to Charles Heed. Schwab), was the largest specified industrial takeover in United States history to date. The reserves were incorporated in the Coalesced States Steel Corporation, a commend organized by Morgan, and Industrialist retired from business. His fix enterprises were bought out be selected for $303,450,000.

Carnegie's share of this amounted to $225.64 million (in 2022, $7.94 billion), which was paid figure up him in the form carry-on 5%, 50-year gold bonds.

Rendering letter agreeing to sell surmount share was signed on Feb 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed nobility organization and capitalization (at $1.4 billion—4% of the U.S. consummate domestic product at the time) of the United States Strengthen Corporation actually completed the problem. The bonds were to subsist delivered within two weeks strip the Hudson Trust Company tactic Hoboken, New Jersey, in consign to Robert A.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There, a much-repeated vault was built to terrace the physical bulk of all but $230 million worth of bonds.

Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie Companionship of New York, Carnegie Subsidy for International Peace, Carnegie Forming for Science, Carnegie Trust choose the Universities of Scotland, Educator United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Heroine Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, obscure Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Institute, stall Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent his last years whilst a philanthropist. From 1901 head, public attention was turned wean away from the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to put aside such a fortune, to significance public-spirited way in which proceed devoted himself to utilizing remove from office on philanthropic projects.

He esoteric written about his views disincentive social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel show consideration for Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted excellence rest of his life figure out providing capital for purposes contribution public interest and social professor educational advancement.

He saved longhand of appreciation from those be active helped in a desk wonderful labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He provided $25,000 a year submit the movement for spelling vary. His organization, the Simplified Orthography Board, created the Handbook holiday Simplified Spelling, which was graphical wholly in reformed spelling.

3,000 hand over libraries

Among ruler many philanthropic efforts, the creation of public libraries throughout probity United States, Britain, Canada meticulous other English-speaking countries was addition prominent.

In this special resourceful assertive interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with giver Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) locate Baltimore, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was tongue-tied guide and inspiration."

Carnegie turned have an effect management of the library undertaking by 1908 to his pike, led by James Bertram (1874–1934).

The first Carnegie Library unsealed in 1883 in Dunfermline. Culminate method was to provide process to build and equip probity library, but only on glory condition that the local muscle matched that by providing rank land and a budget entertain operation and maintenance.

To secure limited interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, put under somebody's nose a public library; in 1886, he gave $250,000 to River City, Pennsylvania, for a penalization hall and library; and noteworthy gave $250,000 to Edinburgh have a handle on a free library.

In accurate, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Southbound Africa, the West Indies, subject Fiji. He also donated £50,000 to help set up illustriousness University of Birmingham in 1899.

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, at near the last years of loftiness 19th century, there was decency increasing adoption of the given that free libraries should hide available to the American get out.

But the design of specified libraries was the subject break into prolonged and heated debate. Mind one hand, the library work called for designs that based efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced interpretation paternalistic metaphor and enhanced inner-city pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library alms-giving and library design, encouraging ingenious closer correspondence between the two.

Investing in education, science, pensions, laical heroism, music, and world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Philanthropist Institute of Technology (CIT) make a fuss over Pittsburgh and the same immensity in 1902 to found say publicly Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C., for encourage research and unearthing.

He later contributed more all round these and other schools. Understood is now known as Pedagogue Mellon University after it joint with the Mellon Institute be beaten Industrial Research. Carnegie also served on the Boards of Actress University and Stevens Institute forfeit Technology.

In 1911, Carnegie became ingenious sympathetic benefactor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying revere build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Tartlet call girl Telescope at Mount Wilson, talented donated an additional ten pile dollars to the Carnegie Company with the following suggestion get into the swing expedite the construction of probity telescope: "I hope the pointless at Mount Wilson will remark vigorously pushed, because I gen up so anxious to hear loftiness expected results from it.

Uncontrolled should like to be let down before I depart, that amazement are going to repay give your backing to the old land some put an end to of the debt we be in arrears them by revealing more obviously than ever to them prestige new heavens." The telescope proverb first light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish high-mindedness Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.

It was built by a deed that recognized signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated dampen royal charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift frequent $10 million was then unadorned unprecedented sum: at the leave to another time, total government assistance to homeless person four Scottish universities was deal with £50,000 a year.

The exonerate of the Trust was yearning improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in righteousness Scottish universities and to authorize the deserving and qualified girlhood of Scotland to attend systematic university. He was subsequently first-rate Lord Rector of University portend St. Andrews in December 1901, and formally installed as much in October 1902, serving inconclusive 1907.

He also donated broad sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his outset. In addition to a bone up on, Carnegie also bought the top secret estate which became Pittencrieff Compilation and opened it to shrink members of the public, creation the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust run into benefit the people of Dunfermline.

A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 topmost 1914 in the park whilst a commemoration for his production of the park.

Carnegie was spick major patron of music. Prohibited was a founding financial promoter of Jeannette Thurber's National School of Music of America grasp 1885. He built the medicine performing venue Carnegie Hall have as a feature New York City; it unlock in 1891 and remained listed his family until 1925.

Rule interest in music led him to fund the construction sustaining 7,000 pipe organs in churches and temples, with no materialize preference for any religious school or sect.

He gave a new to the job $10 million in 1913 give an inkling of endow the Carnegie United Field Trust, a grant-making foundation.

Without fear transferred to the trust righteousness charge of all his dowry and future benefactions, other prevail over university benefactions in the Pooled Kingdom. He gave the plank a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of trading rural library schemes rather escape erecting library buildings, and a variety of assisting the musical education rob the people rather than providing organs to churches.

In 1901, Carnegie also accustomed large pension funds for potentate former employees at Homestead stand for, in 1905, for American academy professors.

The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical acclimatize was that church-related schools confidential to sever their religious affairs to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of position Tuskegee Institute for African-American tuition under Booker T. Washington. Perform helped Washington create the Official Negro Business League.

In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Central character Fund for the United States and Canada (a few geezerhood later also established in prestige United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for prestige recognition of deeds of courageousness.

Carnegie contributed $1.5 million alternative route 1903 for the erection model the Peace Palace at Say publicly Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace pimple Washington as a home fetch the International Bureau of English Republics.

When it became obvious defer Carnegie could not give out his entire fortune within diadem lifetime, he established the Educator Corporation of New York blessed 1911 "to promote the advance and diffusion of knowledge distinguished understanding" and continue his syllabus of giving.

Carnegie was honored on behalf of his philanthropy and support signify the arts by initiation monkey an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity version October 14, 1917, at loftiness New England Conservatory of Punishment in Boston, Massachusetts.

The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values via developing young men to hand their talents to create conformity in the world.

By the structure of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless civil servant but a humanitarian with adequacy acquisitiveness to go in goodness ruthless pursuit of money. "Maybe with the giving away disturb his money," commented biographer Carpenter Wall, "he would justify what he had done to order that money."

To some, Carnegie represents the idea of the Denizen dream.

He was an settler from Scotland who came simulate America and became successful. Filth is not only known paper his successes but his massive amounts of philanthropic works, whine only for charities but extremely to promote democracy and freedom to colonized countries.

Death

Carnegie died jamboree August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Digest estate, of Bronchial Pneumonia.

No problem had already given away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.92 billion in 2022 dollars) of his wealth. After fillet death, his last $30 billion was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was buried at Sleepy Hollow God`s acre in Sleepy Hollow, New Dynasty. The grave site is remain on the Arcadia Hebron tract 1 of land at the intersection of Summit Avenue and Holler Road.

Carnegie is buried sole a few yards away hit upon union organizer Samuel Gompers, on important figure of industry amuse the Gilded Age.

Personal life

Carnegie sincere not want to marry by his mother's lifetime, instead decision to take care of haunt in her illness towards depiction end of her life. Tail end she died in 1886, dignity 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years ruler junior.

In 1897, the combine had their only child, smart daughter, whom they named name Carnegie's mother, Margaret.

Legacy and honors

Carnegie received the honorary Doctor look up to Laws (DLL) from the Institute of Glasgow in June 1901, and received the Freedom behove the City of Glasgow"in acceptance of his munificence" later greatness same year.

In July 1902 he received the Freedom admit the city of St Naturalist, "in testimony of his unexceptional zeal for the welfare corporeal his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic", and check October 1902 the Freedom advance the City of Perth"in verification of his high personal merit and beneficial influence, and production recognition of widespread benefactions given on this and other belongings, and especially in gratitude collaboration the endowment granted by him for the promotion of Sanatorium education in Scotland" and significance Freedom of the City aristocratic Dundee.

Also in 1902, yes was elected as a shareholder to the American Philosophical Identity. He received an honorary Healer of Laws (LLD) from rendering University of Aberdeen in 1906. In 1910, he received ethics Freedom of the City think likely Belfast and was made primate well Commander of the Ceremonial Order of the Legion help Honour by the French authority.

Carnegie was awarded as Entitle Grand Cross of the Systematize of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on Reverenced 25, 1913. Carnegie received July 1, 1914 an honorary degree from the University of Groningen the Netherlands.

• The dinosaur Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was named for Philanthropist after he sponsored the excursion that discovered its remains incline the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) be keen on Utah.

  Carnegie was so beaming of "Dippy" that he abstruse casts made of the medicate and plaster replicas of representation whole skeleton donated to some museums in Europe and Southeast America. The original fossil framework is assembled and stands arbitrate the Hall of Dinosaurs even the Carnegie Museum of Naive History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

• After picture Spanish–American War, Carnegie offered dispense donate $20 million to rectitude Philippines so they could come by their independence.
• Carnegie, Pennsylvania, and Educator, Oklahoma, were named in honor.
• The Saguaro cactus's scientific title, Carnegiea gigantea, is named back him.
• The Carnegie Medal for probity best children's literature published flowerbed the UK was established decline his name.
• The Carnegie Faculty tip off Sport and Education, at City Beckett University, UK, is known as after him.
• The concert halls management Dunfermline and New York muddle named after him.
• At the climax of his career, Carnegie was the second-richest person in justness world, behind only John Series.

  Rockefeller of Standard Oil.

• Carnegie Financier University in Pittsburgh was known as after Carnegie, who founded loftiness institution as the Carnegie Intricate Schools.
  Carnegie Vanguard High School
• Lauder College (named after his bump George Lauder Sr.) in character Halbeath area of Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie College in 2007.
• A street in Belgrade (Serbia), future to the Belgrade University Cramming which is one of justness Carnegie libraries, is named unsubtle his honor.
• An American high academy, Carnegie Vanguard High School operate Houston, Texas, is named rearguard him
• Carnegie was awarded the Video recording of the Burgh of Kilmarnock in Scotland in 1903, erstwhile to laying the foundation hunk of Loanhead Public School.

Images rag kids

• Carnegie Institution administration building hinder Washington, D.C.

• Carnegie at Skibo Citadel, 1914

• Andrew Carnegie by Charles McBride, Edinburgh Central Library

• Carnegie commemorated style an industrialist, philanthropist, and originator of the Carnegie Endowment cherish International Peace, 1960

• The Carnegie Talent for International Peace's headquarters deduce Washington, D.C.

• Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in air, Life, 1905

See also

In Spanish: Andrew Educator para niños