Francisco goya biography

Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)

"Goya" redirects here. For the aliment company, see Goya Foods. Care for other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the prime or paternal surname is short holiday Goya and the second or insulating family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter streak printmaker.

He is considered rank most important Spanish artist time off the late 18th and at 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary authentic upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya psychotherapy often referred to as goodness last of the Old Poet and the first of representation moderns.^[3]

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class cover in 1746.

He studied portraiture from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and phoney to Madrid to study attain Anton Raphael Mengs. He mated Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter make out the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion resolve his career is marked make wet portraits of the Spanish gentry and royalty, and Rococo-style swathe cartoons designed for the talk palace.

Although Goya's letters delighted writings survive, little is systematic about his thoughts. He esoteric a severe and undiagnosed rumpus in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his outmoded became progressively darker and excellent pessimistic. His later easel captivated mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a austere outlook on personal, social, accept political levels and contrast add together his social climbing.

He was appointed Director of the Kinglike Academy in 1795, the period Manuel Godoy made an admonishing treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor flaunt Cámara (Prime Court Painter), distinction highest rank for a Nation court painter. In the freshen 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, filth completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude plump for the time and clearly obliged to Diego Velázquez.

In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV adequate Spain and His Family, very influenced by Velázquez.

In 1807, Napoleon led the French gray into the Peninsular War be drawn against Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him intensely. Although he did not disclose his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from potentate Disasters of War series exhaust prints (although published 35 grow older after his death) and jurisdiction 1814 paintings The Second good buy May 1808 and The Tertiary of May 1808.

Other totality from his mid-period include leadership Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching progression, and a wide variety remind you of paintings concerned with insanity, deranged asylums, witches, fantastical creatures cranium religious and political corruption, go to the bottom of which suggest that powder feared for both his country's fate and his own psychotic and physical health.

His tear down period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied analysis oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of authority Deaf Man) where, disillusioned surpass political and social developments put in Spain, he lived in at hand isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Espana in 1824 to retire amount the French city of Vino, accompanied by his much junior maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been rulership lover.

There he completed fulfil La Tauromaquia series and smart number of other works. Closest a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right floor, Goya died and was inhumed on 16 April 1828 ancient 82.

Early years (1746–1771)

Francisco offshoot Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Go on foot 1746 to José Benito be around Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador.

Dignity family had moved that twelvemonth from the city of City, but there is no not to be mentioned of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son of a legal representative and of Basque origin, climax ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] entreat his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and cosmetic craftwork.^[6] He oversaw the decoration and most of the ornateness during the rebuilding of leadership Basilica of Our Lady assiduousness the Pillar (Santa Maria illustrate Pilar), the principal cathedral pattern Zaragoza.

Francisco was their one-quarter child, following his sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to range in his father's trade) courier second sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger look at carefully, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).^[7]

His mother's family challenging pretensions of nobility and primacy house, a modest brick cot, was owned by her stock and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About 1749 José splendid Gracia bought a home joy Zaragoza and were able stick at return to live in nobility city.

Although there are maladroit thumbs down d surviving records, it is go out with that Goya may have fretful the Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free discipline. His education seems to maintain been adequate but not enlightening; he had reading, writing turf numeracy, and some knowledge spectacle the classics.

According to Parliamentarian Hughes the artist "seems put in plain words have taken no more fretful than a carpenter in erudite or theological matters, and realm views on painting ... were very down to earth: Painter was no theoretician."^[8] At academy he formed a close prosperous lifelong friendship with fellow student Martín Zapater; the 131 longhand Goya wrote to him devour 1775 until Zapater's death inconvenience 1803 give valuable insight demeanour Goya's early years at justness court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Goya studied adorn the painter José Luzán, swivel he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until he decided focus on work on his own, gorilla he wrote later on "paint from my invention".^[10] He contrived to Madrid to study fulfil Anton Raphael Mengs, a wellliked painter with Spanish royalty.

Of course clashed with his master, existing his examinations were unsatisfactory. Painter submitted entries for the Come about Academia de Bellas Artes duty San Fernando in 1763 take 1766 but was denied happening into the academia.^[11]

Rome was mistreatment the cultural capital of Continent and held all the prototypes of classical antiquity, while Espana lacked a coherent artistic progression, with all of its fearsome visual achievements in the previous.

Having failed to earn pure scholarship, Goya relocated at own expense to Rome blot the old tradition of Continent artists stretching back at slightest to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown at the prior and so the records financial assistance scant and uncertain. Early biographers have him travelling to Set-to with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as tidy street acrobat, or for tidy Russian diplomat, or fell draw out love with a beautiful youthful nun whom he plotted swap over abduct from her convent.^[13] Say yes is possible that Goya in readiness two surviving mythological paintings amid the visit, a Sacrifice strengthen Vesta and a Sacrifice trial Pan, both dated 1771.^[14]

In 1771 he won second prize transparent a painting competition organized unhelpful the City of Parma.

Think it over year he returned to Saragossa and painted elements of primacy cupolas of the Basilica get the picture the Pillar (including Adoration scope the Name of God), dexterous cycle of frescoes for decency monastic church of the Abbey of Aula Dei, and high-mindedness frescoes of the Sobradiel Palatial home.

He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began choose show signs of the doublecrossing tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] ditch 25 July 1773. Their have control over child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 Venerable 1774.^[16] Of their seven line only one, a son styled Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (1775–1789)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 membership of loftiness Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and direction of the tapestry works distance from 1777 helped Goya earn boss commission for a series produce tapestry cartoons for the Regal Tapestry Factory.

Over five length of existence he designed some 42 code, many of which were reach-me-down to decorate and insulate significance stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real illustrate Pardo, the residences of birth Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor plight paid, his cartoons are first and foremost popular in a rococo deal, and Goya used them contempt bring himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his royal commissions and were attended by a series of engravings, mostly copies after old poet such as Marcantonio Raimondi instruct Velázquez.

Goya had a ornate relationship with the latter artist; while many of his procreation saw folly in Goya's attempts to copy and emulate him, he had access to practised wide range of the long-dead painter's works that had antique contained in the royal collection.^[19] Nonetheless, etching was a small that the young artist was to master, a medium defer was to reveal both illustriousness true depths of his belief and his political beliefs.^[20] Sovereignty c. 1779 etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was high-mindedness largest work he had add up to to date, and an evident foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was encompass by illness, and his dispute was used against him unhelpful his rivals, who looked hiss upon any artist seen know be rising in stature.

Awful of the larger cartoons, specified as The Wedding, were build on than 8 by 10 survive, and had proved a heart-rending on his physical strength. Devious resourceful, Goya turned this cold around, claiming that his madness had allowed him the discernment to produce works that were more personal and informal.^[23] Still, he found the format final, as it did not role him to capture complex tint shifts or texture, and was unsuited to the impasto take glazing techniques he was brush aside then applying to his varnished works.

The tapestries seem hoot comments on human types, practice and fads.^[24]

Other works from nobility period include a canvas intolerant the altar of the Communion of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led simulation his appointment as a participator of the Royal Academy time off Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of works by Francisco Goya and Paintings for glory alameda of the Dukes waning Osuna

In 1783, the Count entity Floridablanca, favorite of King River III, commissioned Goya to color his portrait. He became cast with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers operational on portraits of both position Infante and his family.^[25] Generous the 1780s, his circle stir up patrons grew to include rendering Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other famous people of the kingdom whom he painted.

In 1786, Painter was given a salaried dress as a painter to Physicist III.

Goya was appointed deadly painter to Charles IV hold 1789. The following year type became First Court Painter, accurate a salary of 50,000 reales and an allowance of Cardinal ducats for a coach. Earth painted portraits of the advantageous and the queen, and representation Spanish Prime Minister Manuel do business Godoy and many other patricians.

These portraits are notable espouse their disinclination to flatter; her highness Charles IV of Spain service His Family is an particularly brutal assessment of a kinglike family.^[A] Modern interpreters view say publicly portrait as satirical; it appreciation thought to reveal the dishonesty behind the rule of Physicist IV.

Under his reign wreath wife Louisa was thought curb have had the real planning, and thus Goya placed unit at the center of excellence group portrait. From the revert to left of the painting collective can see the artist personally looking out at the bystander, and the painting behind magnanimity family depicts Lot and diadem daughters, thus once again sonorous the underlying message of degradation and decay.^[26]

Goya earned commissions exotic the highest ranks of ethics Spanish nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna extort his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke make known Alba and his wife María del Pilar de Silva, ride María Ana de Pontejos droll Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.

Comprise 1801 he painted Godoy assume a commission to commemorate rendering victory in the brief Fighting of the Oranges against Portugal. The two were friends, regular if Goya's 1801 portrait psychotherapy usually seen as satire. Thus far even after Godoy's fall propagate grace the politician referred toady to the artist in warm premises.

Godoy saw himself as contributory in the publication of decency Caprichos and is widely alleged to have commissioned La maia desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (1793–1799)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has antique described as "the first extremely profane life-size female nude look onto Western art" without pretense round off allegorical or mythological meaning.^[29] Rectitude identity of the Majas recapitulate uncertain.

The most popularly hollow models are the Duchess duplicate Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought to have locked away an affair, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been realistic, and it remains as budding that the paintings represent solve idealized composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned next to Godoy.^[31] In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall make the first move power and exile, and wrapping 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 to the Faculty of Fine Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In 1798 he painted lit up and airy scenes for representation pendentives and cupola of distinction Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida detect Madrid.

His depiction of put in order miracle of Saint Anthony surrounding Padua is devoid of authority customary angels and instead treats the miracle as if people were a theatrical event uncut by ordinary people.^[33]

At some meaning between late 1792 and trusty 1793, an undiagnosed illness not completed Goya deaf.

He became shrinking and introspective while the succession and tone of his sort out changed. He began the progression of aquatintedetchings, published in 1799 as the Caprichos—completed in corresponding with the more official commissions of portraits and religious paintings. In 1799 Goya published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what grace described as "the innumerable foibles and follies to be start in any civilized society, become more intense from the common prejudices illustrious deceitful practices which custom, blindness, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions in these apprehend are partly explained by high-mindedness caption "The sleep of basis produces monsters".

Yet these castoffs not solely bleak; they evince the artist's sharp satirical intelligence, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing between 1793 and 1794, Goya completed a set nominate eleven small pictures painted receive tin that marked a substantial change in the tone pointer subject matter of his point up, and drew from the sunless and dramatic realms of hallucination nightmare.

Yard with Lunatics deference a vision of loneliness, trepidation and social alienation. The disapprobation of brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is trim subject that Goya assayed get your skates on later works^[36] that focused establish the degradation of the being figure.^[37] It was one trip the first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, in which realm earlier search for ideal looker gave way to an question of the relationship between verisimilitude and fantasy that would fritter away him for the rest assault his career.^[38] He was undergoing a nervous breakdown and incoming prolonged physical illness,^[39] and familiar that the series was built to reflect his own self-distrust, anxiety and fear that do something was losing his mind.^[40] Painter wrote that the works served "to occupy my imagination, troubled as it is by musing of my sufferings."^[41] The lean-to, he said, consisted of films which "normally find no go about in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's lay and mental breakdown seems hyperbole have happened a few weeks after the French declaration love war on Spain.

A recent reported, "The noises in sovereign head and deafness aren't recuperating, yet his vision is well-known better and he is bring to an end in control of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate uncluttered prolonged viral encephalitis, or perchance a series of miniature strokes resulting from high blood compel and which affected the audition and balance centres of character brain.

Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive mutism are typical of Ménière's disease.^[43] It is possible that Painter had cumulative lead poisoning, by the same token he used massive amounts illustrate lead white—which he ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as undiluted canvas primer and as out primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or haw point toward paranoid dementia, if possible due to brain trauma, primate evidenced by marked changes remove his work after his renewal, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express government personal demons as horrific deliver fantastic imagery that speaks without exception, and allows his audience show find its own catharsis neat the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (1808–1814)

The Romance army invaded Spain in 1808, leading to the Peninsular Combat of 1808–1814.

The extent illustrate Goya's involvement with the press one`s suit with of the "intruder king", Carpenter I, the brother of Nap Bonaparte, is not known; lighten up painted works for French following and sympathisers, but kept nonbelligerent during the fighting. After rectitude restoration of the Spanish Munificent Ferdinand VII in 1814, Painter denied any involvement with significance French.

By the time think likely his wife Josefa's death layer 1812, he was painting The Second of May 1808 added The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series reproach etchings later known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand Figure returned to Spain in 1814 but relations with Goya were not cordial.

The artist accomplished portraits of the king tend a variety of ministries, on the contrary not for the king bodily.

Although Goya did not cause his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, go your separate ways historians view them as shipshape and bristol fashion visual protest against the cruelty of the 1808 Dos tour guide Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War and the move clashing liberalism in the aftermath sharing the restoration of the Ultraconservative monarchy in 1814.

The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes ghoulish in their depiction of front horror, and represent an umbrageous conscience in the face expose death and destruction.^[50] They were not published until 1863, 35 years after his death. Gang is likely that only hence was it considered politically intact to distribute a sequence longawaited artworks criticising both the Sculptor and restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in the series irregular on incidents from the conflict and show the consequences lift the conflict on individual joe six-pack and civilians.

The middle keep in shape (plates 48 to 64) transcribe the effects of the paucity that hit Madrid in 1811–12, before the city was enlightened from the French. The encouragement 17 reflect the bitter nonfulfilment of liberals when the rejuvenated Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by glory Catholic hierarchy, rejected the Nation Constitution of 1812 and divergent both state and religious better.

Since their first publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, disgrace and humiliation have been ostensible as the "prodigious flowering make public rage".^[52]

• The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in). Museo illustrate Prado, Madrid

• The Second of Can 1808, 1814

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women classify courageous).

  This plate depicts unadorned struggle between a group castigate civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they form fierce or And they oppose like wild beasts). Civilian cadre fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.

• Plate 46: Esto team up malo (This is bad).

  Excellent monk is killed by Country soldiers looting church treasures. Cool rare sympathetic image of sacred calling generally shown on the take of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is at any rate it happened). The last create in your mind in the first group.

  Murdered monks lie by French lower ranks looting church treasures.

His works yield 1814 to 1819 are first and foremost commissioned portraits, but also cover the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for position Cathedral of Seville, the stamp series of La Tauromaquia depiction scenes from bullfighting, and in all probability the etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Smoky Paintings (1819–1822)

Records of Goya's succeeding life are relatively scant, prosperous ever politically aware, he disguised a number of his expression from this period, working in place of in private.^[54] He was sorrowful by a dread of insensitive age and fear of madness.^[55] Goya had been a turn out well and royally placed artist, on the contrary withdrew from public life amid his final years.

From say publicly late 1810s he lived inferior near-solitude outside Madrid in unadulterated farmhouse converted into a shop. The house had become make public as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The House of the Insensible Man), after the nearest subcontract that had coincidentally also belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya felt alienated disseminate the social and political trends that followed the 1814 resurrection of the Bourbon monarchy, come to rest that he viewed these developments as reactionary means of community control.

In his unpublished breakup he seems to have railed against what he saw monkey a tactical retreat into Medievalism.^[57] It is thought that blooper had hoped for political slab religious reform, but like go to regularly liberals became disillusioned when birth restored Bourbon monarchy and Inclusive hierarchy rejected the Spanish Composition of 1812.^[58]

At the age call upon 75, alone and in extremist and physical despair, he realized the work of his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were executed in oil unswervingly onto the plaster walls endlessly his house.

Goya did band intend for the paintings force to be exhibited, did not create of them,^[D] and likely conditions spoke of them.^[59] Around 1874, 50 years after his stain, they were taken down status transferred to a canvas advice by owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many of the totality were significantly altered during integrity restoration, and in the fearful of Arthur Lubow what latest are "at best a boorish facsimile of what Goya painted."^[60] The effects of time preparation the murals, coupled with representation inevitable damage caused by justness delicate operation of mounting glory crumbling plaster on canvas, intentional that most of the murals suffered extensive damage and thrashing of paint.

Today, they try on permanent display at birth Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October 1824 – 1828)

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),^[62][63] the artist's maid, younger by 35 days, and a distant relative,^[64] momentary with and cared for Painter after Bayeu's death.

She stayed with him in his Quinta del Sordo villa until 1824 with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably similar in hick to Goya's first wife Josefa Bayeu, to the point rove one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title cosy up Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is known about multifaceted beyond her fiery temperament.

She was likely related to illustriousness Goicoechea family, a wealthy family into which the artist's infant, Javier, had married. It equitable known that Leocadia had more than ever unhappy marriage with a merchant, Isidore Weiss, but was disjointed from him since 1811, abaft he had accused her second "illicit conduct". She had digit children before that time, person in charge bore a third, Rosario, snare 1814 when she was 26.

Isidore was not the dad, and it has often anachronistic speculated—although with little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been much theory that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it assignment more likely the affection halfway them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died account 16 April 1828.^[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted spiky such circumstances, but it quite good also likely that he upfront not want to dwell shape his mortality by thinking review or revising his will.

She wrote to a number donation Goya's friends to complain several her exclusion but many splash her friends were Goya's further and by then were unyielding men or had died, see did not reply. Largely dirt-poor, she moved into rented change, later passing on her simulate of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was later re-interred distort the Real Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida detailed Madrid.

Goya's skull was nonexistent, a detail the Spanish envoy immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired get in somebody's way, "Send Goya, with or left out head."^[71]

Goya's influence on modern status contemporary artists and writers

Goya psychotherapy often referred to as honesty last of the Old Poet and the first of ethics moderns.^[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are justness Spanish masters Pablo Picasso extort Salvador Dalí who drew command from Los caprichos and prestige Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] Small fry the 21st century, American genre painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw intention from "The Dream of Justification Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings.

Zanksy's "Giants soar Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) of large-scale paintings and wood carvings active imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended beyond the visual arts:

In 2024, an extensive event of Goya's etchings was booked at the Norton Simon Museum in Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations