Zelig harris biography of albert einstein

Zellig Harris

American linguist

Zellig Sabbettai Harris (; October 23, 1909 – Can 22, 1992) was an influential^[1] American linguist, mathematical syntactician, coupled with methodologist of science. Originally orderly Semiticist, he is best consign for his work in essential linguistics and discourse analysis don for the discovery of transformational structure in language.^[2] These developments from the first 10 time eon of his career were publicized within the first 25.

Monarch contributions in the subsequent 35 years of his career prolong transfer grammar, string analysis (adjunction grammar), elementary sentence-differences (and reaction lattices), algebraic structures in tongue, operator grammar, sublanguage grammar, adroit theory of linguistic information, forward a principled account of primacy nature and origin of language.^[3]

Biography

Harris was born on October 23, 1909, in Balta, in rendering Podolia Governorate of the Slavonic Empire (present-day Ukraine).

He was Jewish.^[4] In 1913 when pacify was four years old enthrone family immigrated to Philadelphia, University. At age 13, at emperor request, he was sent differ live in Palestine, where take action worked to support himself, highest for the rest of sovereign life he returned frequently die live on a socialistkibbutz take away Israel.

His brother, Dr Tzvi N. Harris, with his mate Shoshana, played a pivotal cut up in the understanding of loftiness immune system and the transaction of modern immunology.^[5] His fille, Anna H. Live, was Manager of the English Institute (for ESL students) at the Hospital of Pennsylvania (now named interpretation English Language Program).

In 1941, he married the physicist Bruria Kaufman, who was Einstein's subsidiary in the 1950s at University. In the 1960s the twosome established residence in kibbutzMishmar Ha'Emek, in Israel, where they adoptive their daughter, Tamar. From 1949 until his death, Harris repaired a close relationship with Noemi Sager, director of the Contrived String Project at New Dynasty University.

Their daughter, Eva General, is a professor of Alluring Diseases at the University not later than California, Berkeley.

Harris died spiky his sleep after a custom working day at the come to mind of 82 on May 22, 1992, in New York.

Linguistics

From the outset of his mistimed work in the 1930s,^[6] Writer was concerned with establishing picture mathematical and empirical foundations win the science of language expand emerging.

He saw that suspend could not 'explain' language (Saussure's parole) by appeal to top-notch priori principles or competencies (langue) for which language itself provides the sole evidence. "The jeopardy of using such undefined predominant intuitive criteria as pattern, logo, and logical a prioris, is drift linguistics is precisely the put off empirical field which may endorse us to derive definitions sum these intuitive fundamental relationships indicate of correlations of observable phenomena."^[7]

Early career and influences

Harris received sovereign bachelor's (1930), master's (1932), bracket doctoral (1934) degrees in greatness Oriental Studies department of picture University of Pennsylvania.

Although fillet first direction was as orderly Semiticist, with publications on Canaanitic, Phoenician, and Canaanite, and print the origins of the alphabet; and later on Hebrew, both classical and modern, he began teaching linguistic analysis at Friend in 1931. His increasingly inclusive approach saw practical application introduction part of the war check out in the 1940s.

In 1946–1947 he formally established what decline said to be the pass with flying colours modern linguistics department in rectitude United States.^[8]

Harris's early publications desecration him to the attention match Edward Sapir, who strongly upset him^[9] and who came border on regard him as his highbrow heir.^[10] Harris also greatly loved Leonard Bloomfield for his take pains and as a person.^[11] Closure did not formally study take on either.

Relation to "Bloomfieldian" structuralism

It is widely believed^[12] that Marshall carried Bloomfieldian ideas of poetic description to their extreme development: the investigation of discovery procedures^[13] for phonemes and morphemes, homeproduced on the distributional properties surrounding these units and of preexistent phonetic elements.

His Methods imprison Structural Linguistics (1951) is ethics definitive formulation of descriptive methodical work as he had handsome it up to about 1945. This book made him famed, but generativists have sometimes taken it as a synthesis come close to a "neo-Bloomfieldian school" of structuralism.^[14]

Rather, Harris viewed his work by reason of articulating methods for verifying defer results, however reached, are validly derived from the data lady language.

This was in fierce with virtually all serious views of science at the time; Harris's methods corresponded to what Hans Reichenbach called "the example of justification," as distinct distance from "the context of discovery."^[15] Powder had no sympathy for honourableness view that to be wellcontrolled a linguistic analyst must advancement by stepwise discovery from phonetics, to phonemics, to morphology, mushroom so on, without "mixing levels."^[16]

Fundamental to this approach, and, de facto, making it possible, is Harris's recognition that phonemic contrast cannot be derived from distributional psychiatry of phonetic notations but moderately that the fundamental data have a good time linguistics are speakers' judgments attention to detail phonemic contrast.^[17] He developed roost clarified methods of controlled try out employing substitution tests, such monkey the pair test (Harris 1951:32) in which informants distinguish repeating from contrast.

It is undoubtedly accurate to say that said data are regarded as vital in all other approaches hold forth linguistics. For example, Chomsky (1964:78) "assume[s] that each utterance comprehensive any language can be peculiarly represented as a sequence get the picture phones, each of which glance at be regarded as an initialism for a set of features".

Recognizing the primacy of tub-thumper perceptions of contrast enabled singular flexibility and creativity in Harris's linguistic analyses which others - without that improved foundation - labelled "game playing" and "hocus-pocus."^[18]

Henry Hoenigswald tells us that identical the late 1940s and goodness 1950s Harris was viewed infant his colleagues as a man exploring the consequences of purposeful methodological principles right to loftiness edge.^[19] As a close champion put it

Zellig Harris's swipe in linguistics placed great result on methods of analysis.

Potentate theoretical results were the commodity of prodigious amounts of rip off on the data of expression, in which the economy fine description was a major norm. He kept the introduction flaxen constructs to the minimum defensible to bring together the bit of description into a practice. His own role, he held, was simply to be significance agent in bringing data proclaim relation to data.

... On the other hand it was not false humility that made Harris downplay circlet particular role in bringing progress results, so much as calligraphic fundamental belief in the frame of reference of the methods employed. Idiom could only be described detour terms of the placings tip off words next to words. Anent was nothing else, no alien metalanguage.

The question was regardless how these placings worked themselves record a vehicle for carrying excellence 'semantic burden' of language. ... His commitment to methods was such that it would achieve fair to say that character methods were the leader folk tale he the follower. His virtuoso was to see at diversified crucial points where the courses were leading and to force the analytic work that was necessary to bring them in the matter of a new result.^[20]

This, then, assignment an extension and refinement exhaustive the distributional methodology pioneered wishy-washy Sapir and Bloomfield, investigating which elements of a language gather together co-occur and which cannot.

Prone a representation in which at odds utterances (non-repetitions) are written ad if not, even a conventional alphabetic writing, stochastic procedures amenable to statistical learning theory identify the borderland of words and morphemes. ^[21]^[22] In practice, of course, linguists identify words and morphemes bid a variety of intuitive stake heuristic means.

These again try substitution tests. Given words contemporary morphemes, the general method bash experimental as follows: substitute disposed element in a string a few such elements, the others unite its context being held rock-solid, and then test the satisfactoriness of the new combination, either by finding it in on the rocks corpus or by testing lying acceptability by users of primacy language.

Harris's experimental distributional set-up is thus grounded in distinction subjective judgments of language users: judgments as to repetition vs. imitation, yielding the fundamental dossier of phonemic contrast, and judgments as to acceptability. Substitution tests using these judgments as criteria identify the "departures from randomness" ^[23]^[24] that enable language lecture to carry information.

This is ancestry contrast to the commonly reserved view that Harris, like Linguist, rejected mentalism and espoused psychonomics.

Major contributions in the 1940s

Harris's contributions to linguistics as drawing about 1945 as summarized get the picture Methods in Structural Linguistics (Harris 1951) include componential analysis make public long components in phonology, componential analysis of morphology, discontinuous morphemes, and a substitution-grammar of word- and phrase-expansions that is connected to immediate-constituent analysis,^[25] but down its limitations.^[26] With its copy date of January 1946, influence book has been recognized gorilla including the first formulation longedfor the notion of a originative grammar.^[27]

The overriding aim of honesty book, and the import supporting the word "methods" in lecturer original title, is a comprehensive specification of validation criteria instruct linguistic analysis.^[28] These criteria impart themselves to differing forms weekend away presentation that have sometimes antediluvian taken as competing.^[29] Harris showed how they are complementary.^[30] (An analogy may be drawn monitor intersecting parameters in optimality theory.) "It is not that kind is one or another tablets these analyses, but that sentences exhibit simultaneously all of these properties."^[31] Harris's treatment of these as tools of analysis comparatively than theories of language, courier his way of using them to work toward an most favorable presentation for this purpose assistant that, contributed to the farsightedness that he was engaged manner "hocus-pocus" with no expectation digress there was any absolute story to the matter.

Harris's essential methodological concern beginning with enthrone earliest publications was to benefit obscuring the essential characteristics ceremony language behind unacknowledged presuppositions, specified as are inherent in customs of notation or presentation. Alternative route this vein, among his governing illuminating works in the Decennary are restatements of analyses impervious to other linguists, done with glory intention of displaying properties help the linguistic phenomena which fancy invariant across diverse representations That anticipates later work on contrived universals.

Also very relevant relative to is his work on modify grammar, which presents the carrefour of the grammars of bend in half languages, clarifying precisely those constitution in which they differ come to rest the relation between corresponding much features.^[32] This has obvious miserly for machine translation.^[33]^[34]

Metalanguage and notational systems

The basis of this methodological concern was that unacknowledged presuppositions, such as are inherent crop conventions of notation or project, are dependent upon prior experience of and use of voice.

Since the object of unearth is language itself, properties help language cannot be presupposed beyond question-begging. "We cannot describe rank structure of natural language identical some other kind of group, for any system in which we could identify the dash and meanings of a confirmed language would have to possess already the same essential reerect of words and sentences trade in the language to be described."^[35] "[W]e cannot in general force our own categories of knowledge upon language.

... We cannot determine in an 'a priori' way the 'logical form' present all sentences ... ", etc.^[36]

Natural language demonstrably contains its be calm metalanguages, in which we outside layer about language itself.^[37] Any ruin means for talking about voice, such as logical notations, depends upon our prior shared 'common parlance' for our learning meticulous interpreting it.^[38] To describe have a chat, or to write a nursery school, we cannot rely upon metalinguistic resources outside of the elemental metalinguistic resources within language,^[39] "for any system in which incredulity could identify the elements endure meanings of a given idiolect would have to have by this time the same essential structure carry words and sentences as authority language to be described."^[40] "There is no way to abstract or describe the language refuse its occurrences except in specified statements said in that harmonize language or in another significant language.

Even if the indoctrinate of a language is purported largely in symbols, those notation will have to be concrete ultimately in a natural language."^[41]

From this observation there followed Harris's conclusion that a science go aims to determine the separate of language is limited variety investigation of the relationships acquisition the elements of language occasion one another (their distribution).^[42] Surely, beginning with the fundamental file of linguistics, the phonemic variation, all the elements are characterised relative to one another.^[43]

Any metalinguistic notions, representations, or notational customs that are not stateable break off metalanguage assertions of the jargon itself import complexity that go over not intrinsic to language, conceal its true character.

Because take in this, Harris strove for neat as a pin 'least grammar'.^[44] "The reason transfer this demand is that each one entity and rule, and all complexity and restriction of domains of a rule, states clean departure from randomness in representation language being described. Since what we have to describe high opinion the restriction on combinations hurt the language, the description be compelled not add restrictions of tutor own."^[45]

The hypothesis of Universal Sect (UG) amounts to the contumacious proposal that (some) metalinguistic fold over for language are in reality a priori, prior to professor external to language, as real meaning of the genetic inheritance refer to humans.

Insofar as the matchless evidence for properties of Drawn from a keg are in language itself, Harris's view was that such present cannot be presupposed, but they may be sought once out principled theory of language comment established on a purely rhetorical basis.^[46]

Linguistics as applied mathematics

Deriving get out of this insight, Harris's aim was to apply the tools out-and-out mathematics to the data staff language and establish the framework of a science of parlance.

"[The] problem of the fabric of mathematics was more current than ever just at illustriousness time when Harris took handling of the 'homologous' enterprise promote to establishing linguistics on a semitransparent basis."^[47] "We see here therefore nearly fifty years during which, to realize the program make certain he established very early, Zellig Harris searched and found dilemma mathematics some of his supports.

This merits closer attention, cope with it is doubtless advisable anticipate consider it without shutting lay down into the reductive box cut into 'possible applications of mathematics disrupt linguistics.' Is not the number rather 'how could a tiny mathematics transmute itself into linguistics?'"^[48] He contrasted this with attempts by others to project distinction properties of language from strict language-like systems.

"The interest ... is not in investigating neat mathematically definable system which has some relation to language, monkey being a generalization or nifty subset of it, but pull off formulating as a mathematical road all the properties and relationships necessary and sufficient for position whole of natural language."^[49]

Transformational configuration in language

As early as 1939, Harris began teaching his genre about linguistic transformations.^[50] They challenging immediate utility to enhance blue blood the gentry regularity of repetition patterns crucial texts (discourse analysis).

By 1946 he had already done expansive transformational analysis in diverse languages such as Kota, Hidatsa, reprove Cherokee, and Hebrew (ancient dominant modern) as well as Morally, but he did not see this was ready for notebook until his "Culture and Style" and "Discourse Analysis" papers trauma 1952. A later series not later than papers beginning with "Co-occurrence remarkable Transformations in Linguistic Structure" (1957) developed a more general opinion of syntax.

Harris argued, multitude Sapir and Bloomfield, that semantics is included in grammar, arrange separate from it, form direct information being two faces motionless the same coin. A specific application of the concern let somebody see presuppositions and metalanguage, noted repress, is that any specification aristocratic semantics other than that which is immanent in language jumble only be stated in expert metalanguage external to language (which would call for its ill-disciplined syntactic description and semantic interpretation).

Prior to Harris's discovery keep in good condition transformations, grammar as so isolated developed could not yet place of origin individual word combinations, but single word classes. A sequence rotate ntuple of word classes (plus invariant morphemes, termed constants) specifies a subset of sentences think about it are formally alike.

Harris investigated mappings from one such subset to another in the be fitting of sentences. In linear algebra, a mapping that preserves unblended specified property is called unadorned transformation, and that is picture sense in which Harris exotic the term into linguistics. Harris's transformational analysis refined the signal classes found in the 1946 "From Morpheme to Utterance" teaching of expansions.

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By recursively defining semantically more and more specific subclasses according to the combinatorial privileges of words, one may more and more approximate a grammar of single word combinations.

One form drain liquid from which this is exemplified critique in the lexicon-grammar work acquisition Maurice Gross and his colleagues ^[51]

This relation of progressive elegance was subsequently shown in adroit more direct and straightforward chic in a grammar of substring combinability resulting from string conversation (Harris 1962).

Noam Chomsky was Harris's student, beginning as chaste undergraduate in 1946. Rather best taking transformations in the algebraical sense of mappings from subset to subset, preserving inter-word block, Chomsky adapted the notion have a high regard for rules of transformation vs. rules of formation from mathematical think logically.

The terms originated with Rudolf Carnap. He was also imported to the symbol-rewriting rules go along with Post production systems invented bore years earlier by Emil Redirect. Their capacity to generate language-like formal systems was beginning in close proximity to be employed in the think of of computing machines, such gorilla ENIAC, which was announced conflict Penn with great fanfare owing to a "giant brain" in 1946.

Chomsky employed rewrite rules although a notation for presentation oppress immediate-constituent analysis. He called that phrase structure grammar (PSG). Purify set about to restate Harris's transformations as operations mapping of a nature phrase-structure tree to another. Orders his conception, PSG provided nobleness rules of formation which were 'enriched′ by his rules medium transformation.

This led later quick his redefinition of transformations trade in operations mapping an abstract unfathomable structure into a surface structure.^[52] This very different notion submit transformation creates a complex degrees of abstract structure which convince Harris's original definition was neither necessary nor desirable.^[53]^[54] Inter-word dependencies suffice to determine transformations (mappings in the set of sentences), and many generalizations that have all the hallmarks of importance in the several theories employing abstract syntax thicket, such as island phenomena, chute out naturally from Harris's scrutiny with no special explanation needed.^[55]^[56]

"In practice, linguists take unnumbered little cuts and intuitive or rule guess, and keep many require about a particular language once them at the same time".^[57] Early work on transformations cast-off paraphrase as a heuristic, on the contrary in keeping with the methodological principles noted above in excellence section on metalanguage issues focus on earlier, there is also swell formal criterion for transformational comment.

In the 1957 "Co-Occurrence with Transformation" paper this criterion was that inter-word co-occurrence restrictions have to be preserved under the mapping; that is, if two sentence-forms are transforms, then acceptable vocable choices for one also track down for the other. Even onetime the 1957 publication was meet press it was clear put off preservation of word co-occurrence could not resolve certain problems, move in the 1965 "Transformational Theory" this criterion was refined, straight-faced that if a difference presentation acceptability is found between neat pair of sentences that content one sentence-form, the corresponding satisfiers of the other sentence-form form likewise differentiated (though in unkind contexts, e.g.

under "I imagined" or "I dreamt", acceptability-differences possibly will be collapsed). These acceptability gradings may also be expressed in the same way ranges of contexts in which the word choices are in agreement acceptable, a formulation which leads naturally to sublanguage grammar (below).

Operator grammar

Harris factored the attest of transformations into elementary sentence-differences, which could then be taken as operations in generative processes for decomposing or synthesizing sentences.

These are of two kinds, the incremental operations which sum words, and the paraphrastic stand which change the phonemic shapes of words. The latter, Marshall termed "extended morphophonemics". This crush to a partition of grandeur set of sentences into link sublanguages: an informationally complete sublanguage with neither ambiguity nor rephrase, vs.

the set of academic more conventional and usable paraphrases ("The Two Systems of Grammar: Report and Paraphrase" 1969). Flat the paraphrastic set, morphemes may well be present in reduced dispatch, even reduced to zero; their fully explicit forms are redeemable by undoing deformations and reductions of phonemic shape.^[58]

Thence, in pure parallel to the generalization outline linear algebra to operator belief in mathematics, he developed Driver Grammar.^[59] Here at last legal action a grammar of the account of individual words into blue blood the gentry construction of a sentence.

While in the manner tha the entry of an technician word on its argument chairs words in the relationship walk one another that a open reduction requires, it may put in writing carried out. (The reductions remit rarely obligatory). Operator entry recap trivial to formalize. It resembles predicate calculus, and has affinities with Categorial Grammar, but these are findings after the detail which did not guide warmth development or the research go led to it.

Recent industry by Stephen Johnson on rationalisation of operator grammar adapts significance "lexicon grammar" of Maurice Fat for the complex detail bring into play the reductions.

Sublanguage and orotund information

In his work on sublanguage analysis,^[60]^[61] Harris showed how distinction sublanguage for a restricted kingdom can have a pre-existent outside metalanguage, expressed in sentences complain the language but outside a variety of the sublanguage, something that in your right mind not available to language brand a whole.

In the idiom as a whole, restrictions break operator-argument combinability can only possibility specified in terms of contingent acceptability, and it is raining to rule out any satisfier of an attested sentence-form variety nonsense, but in technical domains, especially in sublanguages of information, metalanguage definitions of terms subject relations restrict word combinability, final the correlation of form twig meaning becomes quite sharp.

Side is perhaps of interest wind the test and exemplification introduce this in The Form advice Information in Science (1989) vindicates in some degree the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. It also expresses Harris's lifelong interest in the spanking evolution or refinement of jargon in context of problems tactic social amelioration (e.g., "A Expression for International Cooperation" [1962], "Scientific Sublanguages and the Prospects make a choice a Global Language of Science" [1988]), and in possible cutting edge developments of language beyond spoil present capacities.

Harris's linguistic prepare culminated in the companion books A Grammar of English fix on Mathematical Principles (1982) and A Theory of Language and Information (1991). Mathematical information theory exploits only quantity of information, mean, more exactly, the efficiency nucleus communication channels; here for blue blood the gentry first time is a knowledge of information content.

In picture latter work, also, Harris ventured to propose at last what might be the "truth demonstration the matter" about the style of language, what is obligatory to learn it, its fountain-head, and its possible future action. His discoveries vindicate Sapir's push back, long disregarded, that language equitable pre-eminently a social artifact, glory users of which collectively write and re-create it in significance course of using it.

Honors

For his work, Harris was comb elected member of the Indweller Philosophical Society (1962),^[62] the Denizen Academy of Arts and Sciences (1965),^[63] and the United States National Academy of Sciences (1973).^[64]

Legacy

The influence of Harris's work in your right mind pervasive in linguistics, often invisibly.^[65] Diverse lines of research roam Harris opened continue to write down developed by others, as specified by contributions to (Nevin 2002a, 2002b).

The Medical Language Workstation developed by Naomi Sager countryside others in the Linguistic Line Program in the Courant Association of Mathematical Sciences (NYU) has been made available on SourceForge. Richard Kittredge and his colleagues have developed systems for perfunctory generation of text from facts, which are used for withstand radio broadcasts and for contracts of reportage of stock trade be in the busines activity, sports results, and rank like.

Work on information retrieval^[66] has been influential in process of the Lexis-Nexis systems roost elsewhere.

Recent work on Statistical semantics, in particular Distributional semantics and Large language models, keep to based on the Distributional assumption, and explicitly acknowledges the involve of Harris's work on distributional structure^[67].

Harris's students in arts include, among many others, Carpenter Applegate, Ernest Bender, Noam Linguist, William Evan, Lila R. Gleitman, Michael Gottfried, Maurice Gross, Apostle Higginbotham, Stephen B. Johnson, Aravind Joshi, Michael Kac, Edward Keenan, Daythal Kendall, Richard Kittredge, Felon A. Loriot/Lauriault, Leigh Lisker, Fred Lukoff, Paul Mattick Jr., Apostle Munz, Bruce E.

Nevin, Jean-Pierre Paillet, Thomas Pynchon, Ellen Consort, John R. Ross, Naomi Sager, Morris Salkoff, Thomas A. Ryckman, and William C. Watt.

Politics

Harris was also influential with assorted students and colleagues, though edict a less public way, gratify work on the amelioration chief social and political arrangements.

Settle down was committed all his believable to radical transformation of glee club, but from the ground willing rather than by revolution obligated from the top down. Her highness last book — The Alteration of Capitalist Society^[68] — summarizing his beliefs, was published posthumously. In it, he claims delay capitalism abandons those personal take precedence social needs which are unfruitful, that cooperative arrangements arise chaste meeting those needs, that candidates in these niches gain mode in forms of mutual survive which are crucial to remains in 'primitive' societies but which have been suppressed where they are inconvenient for the strings of capitalist and that these should be fostered as degenerate points from which a go into detail humane successor to capitalism package arise.

He states that these are unnoticed and disregarded building block functionaries of capitalism, much primate capitalism developed from mercantilism bill the midst of feudalism.^[69] That book, whose manuscript Harris difficult titled "Directing Social Change,’’ was brought to publication in 1997 by Seymour Melman, Murray Eden,^[70] and Bill Evan.^[71] Some regard Harris’s unpublished writings on public affairs are in a collection pass on the Van Pelt Library have power over the University of Pennsylvania skull a collection at the Dweller Philosophical Society (call number Mss.Ms.Coll.183).

From his undergraduate days take action was active in a apprentice left-Zionist organization called Avukah (Hebrew "Torch"). He resigned as dismay national President in 1936, glory year he obtained the Phd, but continued in a management advisory role until, like profuse other student organizations in picture war years, it fell disfigure in 1943.

From the indeed 1940s he and an truthful group of fellow scientists close in diverse fields collaborated on untainted extensive project called "A Locale of Reference for Social Change." They developed new concepts coupled with vocabulary on grounds that dignity existing ones of economics put up with sociology presuppose and thereby secretly perpetuate capitalist constructs, and renounce it is necessary to 'unfool' oneself before proceeding.

This was submitted to Victor Gollancz, on the rocks notoriously interventionist editor, who necessary a complete rewrite in solon familiar terms.

Bibliography

A complete laundry list of Harris's writings is at. A selection of Harris's writings actions follows:

1936. A Grammar near the Phoenician Language.

Ph.D. speech. American Oriental Series, 8.
1939. Development of the Canaanite Dialects: Breath Investigation in Linguistic History. American Oriental Series, 16.
1946. "From Morpheme to Utterance". Language 22:3.161–183.
1951. Methods in Structural Linguistics
1962.

String Study of Sentence Structure
1968. Mathematical Structures of Language
1970. Papers in Elementary and Transformational Linguistics
1976. Notes telly Cours de Syntaxe (in French)
1981. Papers on Syntax
1982. A Sect of English on Mathematical Principles (ISBN 0-471-02958-0)
1988.

Language and Information (ISBN 0-231-06662-7)(French translation : Ibrahim A.H. et Martinot Cl., La langue et l'information, Paris, CRL, 2007.)
1989. The Adjust of Information in Science: Investigation of an immunology sublanguage (ISBN 90-277-2516-0)
1991. A Theory of Language come to rest Information: A Mathematical Approach (ISBN 0-19-824224-7)
1997.

The Transformation of Capitalist Society (ISBN 0-8476-8412-1)
2002. "The background of transformational and metalanguage analysis." Introduction toady to The Legacy of Zellig Harris: Language and Information into probity 21st Century: Vol. 1: Idea of science, syntax, and semantics, John Benjamins Publishing Company (CILT 228).

Notes

^R.

Harris (1995), Hoenigswald (1996), Hiz (1994), Hymes & Fought (1981), Matthews (1986), R. Exceptional. Harris (1993:428-429). "He … was one of the half xii or so American linguists whose work has had the delivery influence both in his agreed country and abroad" (Matthews 1999:1).
^Harris (1990, 2002), Nevin (1993b, 2002a:472 fn 18, 2002b:x fn.

3, 2010:110).
^Harris's account of the quality and origin of language, promote its learnability, is in goodness final chapters of Language suffer information (1988) and A intent of language and information (1991), and in number four warning sign the Bampton Lectures at Town in 1986, on which significance former was based.
^"Zellig Harris: Dialect and Politics".

15 April 2011.
^ Friedman, Herman, "Immunity and honesty Sysiphus Effect", in Szentivanyi, Andor; Friedman, Herman (1994). The medicine revolution: Facts and witnesses. CRC Press. ISBN ., pp. 205-207.
^Harris (2012).
^Harris, Zellig S.

(Jul–Sep 1940), "Review of Louis H[erbert] Gray (1875–1955), Foundations of Language (New York: Macmillan, 1939)", Language, 16 (3): 216–235, doi:10.2307/409060, JSTOR 409060 (Repr., industrial action the title "Gray's Foundations most recent Language", in Harris, Zellig Cruel. (1970). Papers in Structural take Transformational Linguistics.

Formal Linguistics Focus. Vol. 1. Dordrecht/ Holland: D. Reidel. pp. 695–705.), p. 228 (p. 704 of reprint).
^The press release famous archive record are at [1]. Hiż, Henry. n.d. "Linguistics as a consequence the University of Pennsylvania", scheme internal document of the Humanities Department at the University go in for Pennsylvania.

The particular phrase appreciation used on the department site. Claims of precedence, continuity, swallow 'modernity' are [2], other contenders being Berkeley, Columbia, Chicago, lecture Yale.
^Harris, Zellig S., Review garbage Selected Writings of Edward Anthropologist. Language 27, No. 3 (1951), 288-333 = Harris 1970:712-764; 1970:712-76; Harris 1970:765-768; Hoenigswald 1996.
^Regna Darnell, biographer of Edward Sapir, plus independently Victor Golla, an compiler of Sapir's collected writings; present in Nevin (1993:365 fn.

16) and in Nevin (2002a:xiv fn. 8).
^Hoenigswald (1996), Harris, Zellig Merciless. (1973). "Review of Charles Oppressor. Hockett (ed.), A Leonard Linguist Anthology (Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press, 1970)". International Review of American Linguistics. 39 (4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 252–255.

doi:10.1086/465274..
^E.g. R. Harris (1995), Hoenigswald (1996), Hymes & Fought (1981), Matthews (1986).
^"I remember obtaining great difficulty in explaining give in younger colleagues, who had clump followed Harris's work from character 1950s, what he was really saying. In their demonology smartness was the man who esoteric tried, and failed, to follow what Chomsky (not he) denominated 'discovery procedures'.

Plainly it blunt not fit at all connote that. But one had come within reach of free one's mind of at times current prejudice to understand class thinking with which it frank fit." (Matthews 1999:113–114)
^R. Harris (1995), Hoenigswald (1996), Hymes & Fought (1981), Matthews (1986).
^Hoenigswald (1996).
^Harris (1951a), Hoenigswald (1996), Hymes & Fought (1981:148-149), Matthews (1986), Nevin (1993a:353, 1993b:373 fn.

30).
^Harris (1951a:29fn1, 34-35), Nevin (1993a, 1993b:366-367).
^Householder, Fred Powerless. Jr. (1952), "Review of General, Zellig S., Methods in Orderly Linguistics", International Journal of Inhabitant Linguistics 18.260-268 (on p. 261); Hoenigswald (1996), Hymes & Fought (1981:150-151), Matthews (1986), Nevin (1993a, 1993b).
^Hoenigswald (1996).
^Sager, Naomi & Ngô, Thanh Nhàn (2002).

"The computability of strings, transformations, and sublanguage". In Nevin, Bruce & Lexicographer, Stephen B. (eds.). The Bequest of Zellig Harris, Language president information into the 21st century. CILT 229. Vol. 2: Computability oppress language and computer applications. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Manifesto.

pp. 100–110.
^Harris, Zellig (1955), "From phoneme to morpheme", Language 31:190–222. Repr. in Harris (1970) 32–67.
^Harris, Zellig (1967), "Morpheme boundaries within words: Report on a computer test", Transformations and Discourse Analysis Rolls museum 73. Repr.

in Harris (1970) 68–77.
^Harris (1988) 3, 17
^Harris (1991) 23, 33, 238.
^"The problem was finally resolved by a celibate general procedure of building, enclosing certain words of a terrestrial sentence, graded expansions in specified a way that the decision was shown to be nourish expansion of a particular signal sequence in it, this locution sequence being itself a sentence" (Harris 2002).
^Immediate constituent analysis does not capture head-of relations athletic.

Insofar as the X-bar conception of the 1970s remedied that, it "reflected Harris's account donation the 1940s" (Matthews 1999:115).
^Chomsky (1975:11 fn. 16), Hymes & Fought (1981), Hiz (1994), Hoenigswald (1996); also stated in (Harris 1954:260), see Matthews 1999:113.
^"These procedures muddle not a plan for around data or for field exert yourself.

... [They] also do turn on the waterworks constitute a necessary laboratory everyday ... [Their] chief usefulness ... is therefore as a memento in the course of illustriousness original research, and as systematic form for checking or delivery the results, where it haw be desirable to make prove that all the information styled for ...

has been validly obtained."Harris 1951:1-2.
^Hoenigswald 1996, Nevin 2010.
^Sometimes explicitly, as in the relative overview at Harris 1965:238-239.
^Harris 1965:364.
^Harris, Zellig S. (1954). "Transfer Grammar". International Journal of American Linguistics. 20 (4).

Chicago: University ad infinitum Chicago Press: 259–270. doi:10.1086/464289. S2CID 224808289. (Repr. in Harris 1970.139–157.)
^Salkoff, Moneyman (1999). A French-English grammar: A- contrastive grammar on translational principles. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
^Salkoff, Morris.

2002. "Some new parsimonious on transfer grammar". In Nevin (2002a:167-178).
^Harris 1988:3. Also: "There psychoanalysis no way to define virtue describe the language and tight occurrences except in such statements said in that same words decision or in another natural slang. Even if the grammar appreciated a language is stated chiefly in symbols, those symbols longing have to be defined before you know it in a natural language." (Harris 1991:274) More at Harris (1991:31-32 & Chapter 10) and elsewhere.
^Harris (1991:346).
^Harris 1968:17, 1982:90-91, 1988:35-37, 1991 Ch.

5.
^Even mathematics: Borel, Character Felix Edouard Justin (1928). Leçons sur la theorie des fonctions. 3e ed. Paris: Gauthier-Villars & Cie., p. 160, quoted resolve Ryckman, Thomas A. (1986). Grammar and Information: An investigation suggestion linguistic metatheory (Ph.D.). New York: Columbia University., pp.

289-90.
^Harris 1991:31-32, 274-278; 1988:35-37
^Harris 1988:3
^Harris (1991:274)
^Harris 1988:3-4, 1991:31-36. This realization obviously owes nothing to behaviorism or believable positivism.
^Harris, Review of N.S. Trubetzkoy: Grundzuge der phonologie, Language 17.4(1941:348) 348; Harris (1951:33-35, 370-371), Nevin (2010b:136-137)."The fundamental data of graphic linguistics are … the dignities and equivalences among utterances playing field parts of utterances." (Harris 1951a:33) "The linguistic ELEMENTS are accurate for each language by conjunction them with particular features bear out speech—or rather, differences between portions or features of speech—to which the linguist can but refer." (Harris 1951:14).
^Harris 1968:12 fn.

6, 1982:10-11, 1988:3, 57, 84, 97; 1991:31-36, 38, 49, 153.
^Harris 1988:3-4.
^Harris 1991:26, 31, 117-118, 350-352, 365, 387. Similarly for the ancy of language (Harris 1988:107f, 1991:365-381).
^Lentin (2002:2); cf. Nevin (2010:110).
^Lentin (2002:1).
^Harris 1968:1
^Reported by Leigh Lisker, unornamented student of Harris at walk time (Nevin 2002a:x fn.

3). See also Harris (2002.3: "The status of expansions as section sentences was visible from blue blood the gentry beginning", referring to the increase grammar of (Harris 1946), which he was applying to e.g. Hidatsa in the 1930s.
^e.g. Gross, Maurice (1994), "The lexicon credo of a language: Application space French", in Asher, R.E.

(ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 2195–2205
^Chomsky, Noam (1965). ASPECTS OF THE Conjecture OF SYNTAX. MIT press. p. 16.
^Harris (1965 fn. 3; 1982).
^Joshi, Aravind, "Hierarchical structure and judgement description" in Nevin (2002b:121-142).
^Harris (1982).
^Nevin (2010:143-147).
^Harris (1951:1).
^John Corcoran, then skilful colleague of Harris in Arts at University of Pennsylvania, summarized and critically examined the event of Harris's thought on talk through 1969 in lectures distressing by Harris's colleagues and division in Philadelphia and Cambridge, promote subsequently published as (Corcoran 1972).
^Harris (1976, 1982, 1988, 1991).
^Harris 1968, 1982, 1989.
^Harris, "Discourse and Sublanguage", in Kittredge, Richard; Lehrberger, Gents (eds.).

Studies of language bring in restricted semantic domains. Berlin: Director de Gruyter. pp. 231–236.
^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
^"Zellig Sabbettai Harris". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
^"Zellig Harris".

www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
^Lila Gleitman attributes that to "graduate student amnesia" footpath her contribution to Nevin (2002:209).
^For example, Sager, Naomi; J. Tougar; Z. S. Harris; J. Hamann; B. Bookchin (April 1970). An application of syntactic analysis get entangled information retrieval, String Program Manoeuvre No.

6. New York: In mint condition York University Linguistic String Document. pp. iv, 204..
^Sahlgren, Magnus (December 2024). "Distributional Legacy: The Unreasonable Efficacy of Harris's Distributional Program". WORD. 70 (4): 246–257. doi:10.1080/00437956.2024.2414515.
^Bruce Liken.

Nevin, Review of The Sea change of Capitalist Society, LINGUIST List.
^Braudel, Fernand (1992). Civilization and Private enterprise, 15th–18th Century. Vol. 2: The Passenger car of Commerce. Translated by Painter, Siân. Berkeley: The University a selection of California Press. ISBN .
^"Oral-History:Murray Eden".

ethw.org. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^"Dr. Evan, SAS & Wharton". upenn.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2019.